肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞与不同分子类型乳腺癌预后关系的研究进展
Research Progress on the Relationship between Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Prognosis of Different Molecular Types of Breast Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.143903, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 28  浏览: 63 
作者: 侯 俊, 梁婷婷, 刘晶怡, 任俊丽, 王开元, 潘澄澄:甘肃中医药大学第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州;马秀芬*:甘肃省妇幼保健院乳腺科,甘肃 兰州
关键词: 乳腺癌肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞肿瘤微环境新辅助化疗Breast Cancer Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes Tumor Microenvironment Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
摘要: 肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, TILs)是肿瘤微环境的重要组分,既往研究表明肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞与结肠癌及肺癌等多种肿瘤的预后有一定的关系。其对乳腺癌的预后及其相关性结论并不完全一致。乳腺癌是由不同分子亚型组成的疾病,TILs在三阴性及HRE2阳性乳腺癌的相关性研究较多,在Luminal型乳腺癌中研究较少。本综述阐述TILs对不同分子类型乳腺癌预后指示效应的相关研究进展。
Abstract: Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment, and previous studies have shown a certain relationship between tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and the prognosis of various tumors such as colon cancer and lung cancer. The prognosis of breast cancer and its correlation conclusions are not completely consistent. Breast cancer is a disease composed of different molecular subtypes. There are more studies on the correlation of TILs in triple negative and HRE2 positive breast cancer, but less in Luminal breast cancer. This review reviews the research progress of the prognostic indicator effect of TILs on different molecular types of breast cancer.
文章引用:侯俊, 梁婷婷, 刘晶怡, 任俊丽, 王开元, 潘澄澄, 马秀芬. 肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞与不同分子类型乳腺癌预后关系的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(3): 1750-1755. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.143903

1. 引言

乳腺癌是全世界女性中最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,严重影响人们的生活质量,危害人们的健康,它已经成为当今社会一个重大的公共卫生问题。新辅助化疗(Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, NAC)是局部晚期及有保乳需求的乳腺癌的标准治疗方式。近年来的相关临床研究报道,免疫炎症系统被认为在乳腺癌对化疗的反应性中起着关键作用,肿瘤炎症反应可能是治疗肿瘤的一个潜在靶点。炎症是肿瘤微环境的组成部分,炎症细胞的变化影响肿瘤的进展,包括乳腺癌细胞增殖、侵袭、免疫力下降、转移等。肿瘤微环境中的炎症条件可增强恶性细胞的增殖和存活,促进血管生成,促进肿瘤的侵袭性 [1] [2] [3] 。循环中的中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和血小板与癌症患者的不良预后相关。虽然乳腺癌不是高新抗原产生的肿瘤,但它经常被淋巴细胞(肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞,TILs)浸润,而这种浸润在不同的分子亚型中可能存在很大差异,相关研究发现,乳腺癌中TILs的存在与NAC后的病理完全缓解(pathological complete response, pCR)密切相关。

2. 肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞概述

TILs是一种存在于肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞,主要包括细胞毒性T细胞、辅助T细胞、调节T细胞、B细胞等,它们可以直接或间接参与免疫反应,影响肿瘤的生长和治疗反应。TILs是浸润肿瘤组织的单核免疫细胞。它们已在各种实体瘤中得到相当广泛的描述,包括乳腺癌、结肠癌、宫颈癌、黑色素瘤和肺癌 [4] 。乳腺癌中TILs的数量是改善患者生存期的一个关键的预后因素 [5] - [10] 。TILs存在预示机体免疫系统可能对肿瘤抗原产生了免疫应答,其变化反映肿瘤组织局部的免疫反应。TILs数量可以预测机体的抗肿瘤免疫能力和肿瘤治疗的疗效。研究提示,在早期HER2阳性乳腺癌和TNBC组织中,TILs检出率高达75%,并且20%肿瘤存在高水平TILs [11] 。根据TILs在肿瘤组织中所处的位置,可分为肿瘤内浸润淋巴细胞(intratumoraltumor infiltrating lymphocytes, iTILs)和肿瘤间质浸润淋巴细胞(stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, sTILs)。根据其功能,可分为正向调节免疫应答的免疫细胞和负向调节免疫应答的免疫细胞。每种分子亚型的TILs密度在不同亚型乳腺癌中的分布不同。具体来说,TNBC中的TILs密度最高,其次HER2阳性乳腺癌,而在Luminal型乳腺癌中最少 [6] 。

3. 肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞与乳腺癌的关系

3.1. 肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞与三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)

TNBC是最具免疫原性的亚型,免疫相关的TILs水平对其可能具有重要的预测价值。一项Meta分析表明TILs水平的增加与NAC缓解率的增加以及TNBC和HER2阳性乳腺癌患者的预后及生存期延长相关。相比之下,HR阳性乳腺癌患者的情况并非如此。TILs亚型在预测NAC反应中发挥不同作用。TILs代表了乳腺癌的TNBC和HER2分子亚组中疾病预后和预测肿瘤缓解的可靠生物标志物 [12] 。另外一项Meta分析单独探讨了TILs对TNBC患者预后价值,结果发现高水平TILs的TNBC显示出更好的短期和长期预后。高水平的TILs特异性表型(CD 4+、CD 8+和FOXP 3+)可预测TNBC的长期预后 [13] ,此结果也和先前研究相一致。Sherene Loi [14] 等人对TILs在早期TNBC中的预后价值的研究进行汇总分析,发现sTILs不仅是无病生存期(disease free survival, DFS)、总生存期(overall survival, OS)等终点的独立预后预测因子,也与新辅助治疗后的PCR相关。结果证实了sTIL在早期TNBC中的强预后作用以及辅助化疗后高sTIL患者的良好生存率,并支持将sTIL整合到TNBC患者的临床病理预后模型中。Carsten Denkert [6] 等人研究发现TILs的增加与TNBC较长的OS相关。Anita Mangia [15] 等人研究表明低TILs浸润与患者的生存率差相关。黄婉莹 [16] 等人研究提示TILs可以作为TNBC的诊断及预后评估的重要指标;TILs浸润程度与TNBC的复发转移率呈负相关,TILs浸润程度越高,患者发生复发转移的可能性就越低 [17] 。J H Park [18] 等人研究发现sTILs在未经系统治疗的早期TNBC患者中增加了重要的预后信息。研究结果发现sTILs可以鉴定I期TNBC患者的亚组,其具有良好的预后而无需辅助化疗。大量研究表明TILs在TNBC患者中具有明确的疗效预测意义,提示TILs相关的免疫治疗在TNBC患者有较大的可行性。目前又提出一种新型概念即TILs疗法是指从肿瘤样本中分离取得TILs,并筛选具有识别和杀伤肿瘤细胞能力的免疫细胞,进行扩增并回输至患者体内。该疗法已在恶性黑色素瘤、宫颈鳞状细胞癌和胆管癌中证明可导致癌症的客观肿瘤消退 [19] 。在TNBC缺乏有效的内分泌治疗和靶向治疗的现状下,TILs疗法可能具有较大的临床应用前景。由于NAC后TILs的变化及其临床意义尚未明确定义,Hyun Lee [20] 等对104例TNBC患者行NAC后残留浸润性癌行病理组织学检查,分析其NAC前及NAC后肿瘤组织中的TILs水平。结果发现43例(41.3%)患者TILs水平下降,29例(27.9%)患者TILs水平升高,32例(30.8%)患者TILs水平无明显变化。与未改变的水平相比,TILs水平的降低或增加对应于更好的DFS。在多因素分析中,TILs水平的变化是DFS的独立预后因素。确定了NAC前后TILs的评估可以为TNBC患者提供有价值的预后信息。S J Luen [21] 等人研究证实TNBC行NAT后残留病灶(residual disease, RD)中的TILs水平与无复发生存期(recurrence-free survival, RFS)和OS的改善显著相关。综上所述,前期多项研究中,TILs作为早期TNBC预后生物标志物的临床有效性已得到充分证实,但TILs在TNBC中NAT后的变化情况对预后的影响研究较少,关于影响TILs变化的因素也不明确,还需大量的研究证实。

3.2. 肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞与HER2阳性乳腺癌

乳腺癌中HER2过度表达与侵袭性肿瘤生物学和不良预后相关。Kochi [22] 等人研究发现在HER2阳性乳腺癌患者(n = 120)中显示了TILs基因组特征的高表达与远处无转移生存期(distant metastasis free survival, DMFS)的更好结局相关,但这种效应在Luminal型乳腺癌或TNBC中未显示,此外还发现在Luminal型乳腺癌、HER2阳性乳腺癌和TNBC中检测到具有高TILs基因组特征的患者在新辅助化疗后有较高的PCR率。曲妥珠单抗是其中一种经典靶向药物,其抗肿瘤机制之一为通过抗体依赖细胞介导的细胞毒作用(anti-body-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC)激活人体的自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK细胞)裂解HER2阳性肿瘤细胞,提示免疫系统的激活介导乳腺癌对HER2靶向治疗的反应,HER2阳性乳腺癌中TILs水平可能影响其抗肿瘤治疗的疗效。有更多证据表明高TILs与曲妥珠单抗化疗或免疫治疗获益增加之间存在相关性 [23] [24] 。可以在新辅助治疗环境中评估较高的TILs与较高的PCR有显著的相关性 [25] [26] 。此外,Shiwei Liu [27] 等人研究发现在低基质TILs < 10%的HER 2阳性患者中,曲妥珠单抗给药不会显著影响PCR率或无进展生存期(progression free survival, PFS)。然而,尚不清楚高TILs对PCR率的影响是否与曲妥珠单抗治疗有关 [25] 。HER2靶向治疗药物的开发已经较大改善了HER2阳性乳腺癌患者的生存率。研究发现TNBC具有最多的TILs浸润,其次是HER2阳性乳腺癌 [11] 。TILs在HER2阳性乳腺癌预后和新辅助治疗中的预测价值和相关免疫治疗是近年来的研究热点。FinHER研究首次在随机临床试验的样本中证实了TILs的预测作用,该研究中10%患者TILs高于50%,经过化疗联合曲妥珠单抗治疗后,TILs高于50%患者比TILs低于50%患者有更好的疗效,且疗效与TILs水平存在明显相关,TILs每增加10%,其相对远处复发的风险降低18% [24] 。研究证实无论HR情况如何,TILs在HER2阳性乳腺癌患者中均具有疗效预测的价值,其预测准确性如何还需大量的实验数据来证实,未来有望作为疗效评估和预后预测的一个有效指标,为乳腺癌患者的复发风险提供更精准的评估,从而制定更个体化的治疗方案。HER2阳性乳腺癌为免疫冷肿瘤,临床上尚未发现在HER2阳性乳腺癌靶向治疗基础上加用免疫检查抑制剂的益处。Hills的研究证明了曲妥珠单抗对HER2阳性乳腺癌治疗的绝对有效性,TILs对HER2阳性乳腺癌靶向治疗的协同作用尚未得到证实。然而,也有研究表明HER2特异性免疫增强与曲妥珠单抗的临床预后改善相关。随着对TILs相关研究的不断深入和突破,HER2阳性乳腺癌的免疫调节和免疫检查点抑制剂的研究具有极大的发展前景 [28] 。

3.3. 肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞与Luminal型乳腺癌

与HER2阳性及TNBC患者相比较Luminal型乳腺癌TILs较少浸润。然而,在ER阳性乳腺癌中观察到的TILs浸润和突变负荷存在明显的异质性;而且,其中相当比例的患者高于TNBC的TILs浸润和突变负荷平均值。但TILs在Luminal型乳腺癌中的预测和预后意义尚不清楚,可能与Luminal型乳腺癌的相关研究较少有关。但随着医学研究的不断进展及深入最近Torralba [29] 研究发现,sTILs水平与新辅助治疗后患者PCR率相关(OR = 1.045, 95% CI: 1.02~1.07, P = 0.001)。在Luminal A型患者中,sTILs对OS或无复发间隔(recurrence free interval, RFI)没有影响。在Luminal B型患者中,任何水平的sTILs (定义为sTILs > 0%)与较短的RFI相关(HR = 4.83, 95% CI: 1.28~18.21, P = 0.02),与OS无显著性相关(P = 0.06)。研究结果提示,sTILs水平升高与Luminal B亚型乳腺癌的高增殖、高肿瘤分级和淋巴结受累相关。与其他亚型相反,高TILs浸润与Luminal B乳腺癌较差的OS相关。MAKHLOUF [30] 等证实大多数HR阳性/HER2阴性的早期乳腺癌具有低数量的TILs;而在早期患者中,高TILs与预后不良相关。综上所述,目前已有大量研究表明 [23] [24] [31] [32] [33] 肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(TILs)可预测三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)和HER2阳性乳腺癌对新辅助治疗疗效的反应,肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(TILs)被证实了与三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)和HER2 BC的更好预后之间的密切联系。但它们在Luminal型乳腺癌中的作用及对预后的影响尚不清楚,这可能与HER2阳性及TNBC患者相比较在Luminal型乳腺癌中TILs的表达及相关研究较少有关。随着医学研究深入,有研究表明TILs在Luminal型乳腺癌的疗效预测中有潜在的价值。在早期患者中,高TILs与预后不良相关 [30] 。但目前对于TILs在Luminal型乳腺癌中的疗效预测价值尚未成定论,因而需要更多研究进一步验证。

综上所述,既往研究表明TILs与乳腺癌进展转移及预后密切相关,TILs可作为乳腺癌临床生物标志物。基于TILs对于乳腺癌重要的预后及疗效评估价值,2022年中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology, CSCO)乳腺癌诊疗指南建议,将TILs的评估加入未经新辅助治疗的乳腺癌患者的病理学报告。但既往研究大部分为回顾性研究,难免存在一定的偏倚,因此更多的相关性分析有待进一步的前瞻性临床研究验证。因乳腺癌患者新辅助治疗前后微环境可能发生一定的变化,TILs数值变化情况或许可以作为评估新辅助治疗疗效的指标,目前有关此方面研究较少,需要大量的研究进一步探索。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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