|
[1]
|
Toh, D.F., Patel, D.N., Chan, E.C., et al. (2011) Anti-proliferative effects of raw and steamed extracts of Panax ntoginseng and its ginsenoside constituents on human liver cancer cells. Chinese Medicine, 26, 4.
|
|
[2]
|
Schlag, E.M. and McIntosh, M.S. (2006) Ginsenoside content and variation among and within American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) populations. Phytochemistry, 67, 1510-1519.
|
|
[3]
|
Briskin, D.P. (2000) Medicinal plants and phytomedicines. Linking plant biochemistry and physiology to human health. Plant Physiology, 124, 507-514.
|
|
[4]
|
Park, J.D., Rhee, D.K. and Lee, Y.H. (2005) Biological activities and chemistry of saponins from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Phytochemistry Reviews, 4, 159-175.
|
|
[5]
|
Yang, J.L., Gao, L.L. and Zhu, P. (2013) Advances in the biosynthesis research of ginsenosides. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 48, 170-178.
|
|
[6]
|
Christensen, L.P. (2009) Ginsenosides: Chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 55, 1-99.
|
|
[7]
|
Churchill, J.D., Gerson, J.L. and Hinton, K.A. (2002) The nootropic properties of ginseng sapoin Rb1 are linked to effects on anxiety. Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science, 37, 178-187.
|
|
[8]
|
Bae, E.A., Choo, M.K., Park, E.K., et al. (2002) Metabolism of ginsenoside R(c) by human intestinal bacteria and its related antiallergic activity. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 25, 743-747.
|
|
[9]
|
Zhang, C. and Zhao, G. (2001) Advances in the research of pharm acological effects of ginsenoside Rd. Chinese Journal of New Drugs, 20, 953-958。
|
|
[10]
|
Iishi, H., Tatsuta, M., Baba, M., et al. (1997) Inhibition by ginsenoside Rg3 of bombesin-enhanced peritoneal metastasis of intestinal adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane in Wistar rats. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 15, 603-611.
|
|
[11]
|
Zhang, J.W., Wang, G.J. and Sun, J.G. (2007) Progress in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg1. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University, 38, 283-288.
|
|
[12]
|
Shibata, S. (2001) Chemistry and cancer preventing activities of ginseng saponins and some related triterpenoid compounds. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 16, S28-S37.
|
|
[13]
|
Liang, Y. and Zhao, S. (2008) Progress inunderstanding of ginsenoside biosynthesis. Plant Biology, 10, 415-421.
|
|
[14]
|
Bach, T.J., Boronat, A., Caelles, C., et al. (1991) Aspects related to mevalonate biosynthesis in plants. Lipids, 26, 637648.
|
|
[15]
|
Ramos-Vaidivia, A.C., Heijden, R.V.D. and Verpoorte, R. (1997) Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase a core enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis: A review of its biochem is try and function. Natural Product Reports, 14, 591-603.
|
|
[16]
|
Lee, M.H., Jeong, J.H., Seo, J.W., et al. (2004) Enhanced triterpene and phytosterol biosynthesis is in Panax ginseng overexpressing squalene synthase gene. Plant & Cell Physiology, 45, 976-984.
|
|
[17]
|
Suzuki, H., Achnine, L., Xu, R., et al. (2002) A genomics approach to the early stages of triterpene saponin biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. Plant Journal, 32, 1033-1048.
|
|
[18]
|
Pinpinon, T., Masaaki, S., Tetsuo, K., et al. (2006) Dammarenediol-II synthase, the first dedicated enzyme for ginsenoside biosynthesis, in Panax ginseng. FEBS Letters, 580, 5143-5149.
|
|
[19]
|
Choi, D.W., Jung, J., et al. (2005) Analysis of transcripts in methyl jasmanate-treated ginseng hairy roots to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenoides and other secondary metabolites. Plant Cell Reports, 23, 557-566.
|
|
[20]
|
Haralampidis, K., Trojanowska, M., et al. (2002) Biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in plants. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 75, 31-49.
|
|
[21]
|
Han, J.Y., Kwon, Y.S., Yang, D.C., et al. (2006) Expression and RNA interference-induced silencing of the dammarenediol synthase gene in Panax ginseng. Plant & Cell Physiology, 47, 1653-1662.
|
|
[22]
|
Kushiro, T., Shibuya, M. and Ebizuka, Y. (1998) Beta-Amyrin synthase—Cloning of oxidosqualene cyclase that catalyzes the formation of the most popular triterpene among higher plants. European Journal of Biochemistry, 256, 238244.
|
|
[23]
|
Kushiro, T.S.M. and Ebizuka, Y. (1998) Molecular cloning of oxidosqualenecyclasecDNA from Panax ginseng the isogene that encodes beta-amyrin synthase. Towards natural medicine research in the 21st century. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series, 1157, 421-428.
|
|
[24]
|
Kim, M.K., Lee, B.S., In, J.G., et al. (2006) Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of ginseng leaf. Plant Cell Reports, 25, 599-606.
|
|
[25]
|
Wu, Q., Zhou, Y.Q., Sun, C., et al. (2009) Progress in ginsenosides biosynthesis and prospect of secondary metabolic engineering for the production of ginsenosides. China Biotechnology, 29, 102-108.
|
|
[26]
|
Ming, Q.L., Han, T., Huang, F., et al. (2010) Advances in studies on ginsenoside biosynthesis and its and its related enzymes. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 41, 1913-1917.
|
|
[27]
|
Wu, Q., Sun, C. and Chen, S.L. (2012) Identification and expression analysis of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene from American ginseng. Plant Omics, 5, 414-420.
|
|
[28]
|
Kim, O.T., Kim, S.H., Ohyama, K., et al. (2010) Upregulation of phytosterol and triterpene biosynthesis in Centella asiatica hairy roots overexpressed ginseng farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Plant Cell Reports, 29, 403-411.
|
|
[29]
|
Kim, O.T., Yu, K.W., Hahn, E.J., et al. (2006) Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation induces ginsenosides accumulation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant in suspension culture Panax ginseng roots in bioreactors. Plant Cell Reports, 25, 613-620.
|
|
[30]
|
Kim, T.D., Han, J.Y., Huh, G.H., et al. (2011) Expression and functional characterization of three squalene synthase genes associated with saponin biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plant & Cell Physiology, 52, 125-137.
|
|
[31]
|
Han, J.Y., In, J.G., Kwon, Y.S., et al. (2010) Regulation of ginsenoside and phytosterol biosynthesis by RNA interferences of squalene epoxidase gene in Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry, 71, 36-46.
|
|
[32]
|
Jiang, S.C., Liu, W.C., Wang, Y., et al. (2011) Correlation between ginsenoside accumulation and SQS and SQE gene expreesion in different organs of Panax quinquefolius. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 42, 579-584.
|
|
[33]
|
Niu, Y.Y., Luo, H.M. and Huang, L.F. (2012) Advances in the study of CYP450 involves in ginsenosides biosynthesis. World Science and Technology-Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 14, 1177-1183.
|
|
[34]
|
Seki, H., Ohyama, K., Sawai, S., et al. (2008) Licorice beta-amyrin II-oxidase, a cytochrome P450 with a key role in the biosynthesis of the triterpene sweetener glycyrrhizin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 14204-14209.
|
|
[35]
|
Shibuya, M., Hoshino, M., Katsube, Y., et al. (2006) Identification of beta-amyrin and sophoradiol 24-hydroxylase by expressed sequence tag mining and functional expression assay. FEBS Journal, 273, 948-959.
|
|
[36]
|
Han, J.Y., Hwang, H.S., Choi, S.W., et al. (2012) Cytochrome P450 CYP716A53v2 catalyzes the formation of protopanaxatriol from protopanaxadiol during ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plant & Cell Physiology, 53, 1535-1545.
|
|
[37]
|
Yue, C.J. and Zhong, J.J. (2005) Purification and characterization of UDPG: Ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase from suspended cells of Panax notoginseng. Process Biochemistry, 40, 3742-3748.
|
|
[38]
|
Chen, X., Xue, Y., Liu, J.H., et al. (2009) Purification and characterization of glucosyltransferase from Panax Ginseng hairy root cultures. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 16, 50-54.
|