汉语方言里的“挑”

Verbs for “Shoulder” in Chinese Dialects

摘要: 本文以《汉语方言地图集•词汇卷》133图为依据，讨论930个汉语方言点挑的说法。“担”和“挑”是通行最广的两种优势词形，分别见于510个方言点(453 + 57)和393个方言点(343 + 50)。“挑”主要分布在长江流域以及华北平原和东北地区，“担”则分布在长江流域的南北两翼，两者构成了所谓的“中心—外围”分布。这种地理分布格局是由于南宋以后兴起的“挑”打破了“担”的连续分布格局而造成的。此外值得注意的是客家话的“荷”以及浙西南、赣东北部分吴语的“揭”，分别见于 60 个方言点(56 + 4)和12个方言点(9 + 3)。本文认为吴语的“揭”本字也是“荷”。客家话的“荷”大概是古河洛方言的继承形式，而浙西南、赣东北部分吴语的“荷”则为古江东方言“荷”的残存。

Abstract: According to the Map 133 in the vocabulary volume of Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects (LACD), this paper discusses the word forms of tiao (shoulder v.) in 930 Chinese dialects locations. The categories dan and tiao, which are most widely distributed, are used in 510 locations (453 + 57) and 393 locations (343 + 50) respectively. Tiao is mainly located in the Yangtze River Basin, the North China Plain and the Northeast China, while dan is located in both sides of the north and the south of the Yangtze River Basin. The two constitute a Center-Periphery Distribution. This particular geographical distribution pattern resulted from the rising tiao breaking the continuous distribution pattern of dan after the Southern Song Dynasty. What is also worth noting is that he from Hakka and jie from the Wu dialects in the southwest Zhejiang and the northeast Jiangxi, are used in 60 locations (56 + 4) and 12 locations (9 + 3). The original character of jie which refers to shoulder is he. He from Hakka may be a form of inheritance of the ancient He-Luo dialect, while he from the Wu dialects in the southwest Zhejiang and the northeast Jiangxi is the remnant of the ancient Jiangdong dialect.