北方官话和东南诸方言——词汇语法“基因”的透视

The North and the South: A Perspective of Their Lexicon and Grammar “Genes”

摘要: 汉语方言的一个最明显的分野是北方官话和东南诸方言的对立，即南北对立。本文从《汉语方言地图集》的词汇卷和语法卷选取16个项目，模拟DNA序列用MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis 分子进化遗传分析)软件对930个汉语方言点的这16个项目的特征序列进行分析，结果发现只选用词汇、语法项目也能大致看到南北对立，说明在汉语方言的分区工作中引入词汇和语法标准是有意义的。当然方言学里的所谓“特征序列”并非真正的DNA序列，而用MEGA来进行大样本计算时，自展值低也是正常情况，重要的是从中观察进化树所体现的分组趋势。

Abstract: One of the most obvious divisions in Chinese dialects is the confrontation between northern mandarin and southeastern dialects. In this paper, the author selected 16 items from the vocabulary and the grammar volumes of Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects and analyzed the feature sequences of the 16 items of 930 Chinese dialects with MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) by simulating DNA sequences. The results showed that lexicon-grammar items alone could also basically reveal the North-South opposition just as phonology items do. Therefore, the introduction of lexicon-grammar items into the Chinese dialect classification is meaningful. Of course, the so-called “feature sequence” in dialectology is not the real DNA sequence and when using MEGA for large sample calculation, it is normal that bootstrap values are low. The important thing is to observe the grouping trends embodied in the phylogenetic trees.