美国无铅航空汽油发展历史及研究进展

The Development History and Research Progress of Unleaded Aviation Gasoline in America

摘要: 航空汽油的发展始于20世纪初，距今已经超过100年了。无铅航空汽油的发展也已经接近80年历史。本文论述了无铅航空汽油的发展历程，指明无铅航空汽油蜕变于车用汽油，主要从低辛烷值发展到高辛烷值。文章比较了美国无铅航空汽油标准中不同牌号航空汽油的指标区别，分析了指标区别的原因。同时，文章就美国和欧洲进行无铅航空汽油的研究进展进行了总结。研究表明，早期欧洲和美国主要研究航空汽油的抗爆性能。进入20世纪后期，欧洲主要集中于中辛烷值无铅航空汽油(91号)的研发，由瑞典进行；美国则更多关注高辛烷值无铅航空汽油方面，比如马达法辛烷值超过100的航空汽油。由于含铅航空汽油的毒性及污染，美国正在大力发展高辛烷值无铅航空汽油，目前已经有9家航空汽油生产企业在美国联邦航空局技术中心进行试验验证，并计划在2020年完全取代含铅航空汽油。

Abstract: The development of aviation gasoline (avgas) started in the early 1900s, which is over 100 years from now, while the history on unleaded avgas is near 80 years. This article discusses the devel-opment of unleaded avgas, and points out that it originated from motor gasoline, with the octane number from low to high. The different technical indexes are compared and reasons are analyzed in standards of unleaded avgas. Meanwhile, it concludes the research progress about the unleaded avgas in America and Europe. In early research, people mainly focused on the antiknock performance. At the end of 20th century, European researchers mostly are concern to the middle octane number avgas, such as 91 unleaded avgas (UL91). While American was more attention to high octane number avgas, with octane number higher than 100. As a result, Americans strive to develop unleaded avgas by the poison and contamination of leaded avgas. 9 avgas manufactures have been tested and certificated in Technical Center of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). And it plans to replace the leaded avgas in 2020, in America.