锡林郭勒盟不同草场利用方式下的生态经济效益—以镶黄旗敖包音高勒嘎查为例

Different Using Patterns of Grassland Utilization and Its Ecological and Economic Effect of Xilingol League—A Case Study of AoBaoYingaole, Xianghuangqi

摘要: 内蒙古锡林郭勒盟是我国重要牧业地区，属干旱、半干旱典型草原地区。早在1956年，内蒙古自治区提出了定居移场放牧的要求，到上世纪80年代初开始实行草畜双承包制度，具体分为三步实施：1982~1989年开始实行草畜双承包，把草场所有权划归嘎查所有；1989~1995年，采取到户、到联户、到浩特三种承包形式，进一步完善草场承包责任制；1996~1998年，根据《内蒙古自治区进一步落实完善草原“双权一制”的规定》，进一步落实了草场所有权、使用权和承包责任制，把草场使用权彻底承包到户。1983年国家实行草场承包制以后，直至1992年牧区一直实行着家庭联户经营方式。这种以照搬农区模式的分地到户、单户经营的模式，在干旱、半干旱，且降水不稳定，变率大的地区，通过30年的时间，证实了其并不适用于气候多变、地理环境脆弱且严峻的牧区。

Abstract: Xilingol League in Inner Mongolia is an important animal husbandry area in China, which is also a typical arid and semi-arid steppe area. As early as 1956, the requirements of the resettlement grazing were proposed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, then the grass and livestock contract system was implemented at the early 80s of last century, and it was specifically divided into three steps: first grass and livestock contract was implemented in 1982-1998, and the ownership of the grass was placed under the Gacha; in 1989-1995, three kinds of contract forms: household contract, alliance household contract and Haote contract were conducted, which further improved the grassland contract responsibility system; in 1996-1998, according to the regulation to further implement and improve “double rights and one system” in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the ownership, use right and contract responsibility system of the grassland were further practiced, and the use right of grassland absolutely belonged to the contractors. Since 1983, the contract system of grassland had been implemented and until 1992, the family co-operation mode was still used in the pastoral area. This kind of mode, which copied from agriculture, has been validated that it didn’t suitable for the pastoral area which has variable climate and fragile and severe geographical environment by using 30 years in this arid and semi-arid area where the precipitation is unstable and the variable rate is large.