血清炎性标记物对急性胰腺炎严重程度预测的研究进展
Research Progress of Serum Inflammatory Markers in Predicting the Severity of Acute Pancreatitis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2021.119570, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 414  浏览: 644 
作者: 赵 云, 李琳业*:青海大学,青海 西宁
关键词: 急性胰腺炎标记物严重程度预测Acute Pancreatitis Markers Severity Prediction
摘要: 急性胰腺炎是临床外科常见的急腹症之一,具有较高的致死率,早期评估急性胰腺炎的严重程度至关重要。在急性胰腺炎严重程度评估中,Ranson等临床评分不够精准,受抽样误差影响。多层螺旋CT等影像学诊断时效具有滞后性,早期不能较为精准反映急性胰腺炎缺血坏死程度。而血清生物标志物具有早期、快速、便捷等优点,在临床实践中得到广泛应用。目前C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、红细胞分布宽度(RDW)等已被临床广泛证实用于急性胰腺炎严重程度的早期预测,近几年发现一些新兴的血清炎性标志物,如中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比率(NLR)、血小板计数/淋巴细胞比率(PLR)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血管生成素2 (Ang2)等用于评估急性胰腺炎(AP)的严重程度,本文就血清炎性标记物对急性胰腺炎严重程度的早期预测研究进展作一综述。为急性胰腺炎的诊疗提供参考依据。
Abstract: Acute pancreatitis is one of the common acute abdomen in clinical surgery, which has a high mortality. Early assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis is very important. In the evaluation of the severity of acute pancreatitis, Ranson and other clinical scores are not accurate enough, which is affected by sampling errors. The imaging diagnosis of multi-slice spiral CT and other imaging diagnosis has a lag, which can not accurately reflect the degree of ischemic necrosis of acute pancreatitis in the early stage. Serum biomarkers have the advantages of early, rapid and convenient, and have been widely used in clinical practice. At present, C-reactive protein (CRP), Procalcitonin (PCT), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Erythrocyte distribution width (RDW) have been widely used in the early prediction of the severity of acute pancreatitis. In recent years, some new serum inflammatory markers, such as Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Platelet count/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), Homocysteine (Hcy) and Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), have been found to evaluate the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). This article reviews the research progress of serum inflammatory markers in early prediction of the severity of acute pancreatitis to provide reference basis for the diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis.
文章引用:赵云, 李琳业. 血清炎性标记物对急性胰腺炎严重程度预测的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(9): 3898-3904. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.119570

1. 引言

急性胰腺炎是临床上最常见的胃肠道疾病。是由多种病因导致胰酶的激活,引起胰腺内产生炎症反应。可分为间质水肿性胰腺炎和坏死性胰腺炎,其中水肿性胰腺炎是由炎症水肿导致胰腺弥漫性增生,坏死性胰腺炎则是出现胰腺实质及胰周组织的坏死 [1]。根据有无持续性器官衰竭和局部或全身有无并发症,又可分为轻度、中度和重度急性胰腺炎 [1] [2]。急性胰腺炎的严重程度取决于有无器官的衰竭和衰竭持续时间 [1],若器官衰竭持续时间超过48小时,被称作为“持续性器官衰竭”。大多数患者为轻型急性胰腺炎,具有自限性。大约20%患者发展为中度或重度急性胰腺炎,死亡率可高达20%~40% [3]。每年报告的发病率为13~45/10万 [4]。AP是一个不断演变的动态过程,严重程度可能会在疾病过程中发生变化。急性胰腺炎的症状和体征在临床上没有特异性,无法完美的鉴别诊断于急性肠梗阻、胆石症等疾病。多层螺旋CT等影像学诊断时效具有滞后性,且受诊断人员的技术所限制。Ranson等临床评分欠缺精准,受评分人员的主观影响较大,预测价值低。在临床血清学常规检查中,CRP目前仍旧被认为是严重程度评估的金标准,发病48小时的临界值为150 mg/ml [5]。炎症细胞因子广泛参与急性胰腺炎发病过程中。近些年来,一些新兴的炎性标志物,如NLR、PLR、Hcy、Ang2等也被用于早期评估中。因此,本文主要探讨一些新型血清炎性标记物,为急性胰腺炎严重程度的评估和预后提供较为灵敏的生物学指标。

2. 血细胞计数相关指标

中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比率(NLR),在癌症、炎症反应、心脑血管疾病、急性感染等疾病的诊断与疗效评估中均有较好的预估效果 [6]。研究发现NLR可用于急性胰腺炎早期严重程度分型、预后及死亡率的评估 [7]。血小板计数/淋巴细胞比率(PLR),PLR目前广泛用于预测炎症、心血管疾病和肿瘤等多种疾病的严重程度 [8] 和预后情况,被证实能较为敏感的反映炎症的标记物 [9]。某篇对AP预后的研究结果示 [10],NLR对重度急性胰腺炎的预测能力高于CRP。2019年一项回顾性研究结果显示 [11],PLR在预测SAP的工作特性曲线下面积(AUC)为0.621,预测1月内死亡率的AUC为0.693,而NLR分别为0.722和0.851,因此认为NLR比PLR的预测能力更高。但另外一篇文献,却得出PLR的灵敏度最高,为95.8% [12],高于NLR、RDW等。一项对比研究中 [8],纳入142例患者,对AP患者死亡率的预测上,PLR的灵敏度和特异性分别为73.3%和99.2%,NLR的敏感度和特异性分别为73.0%和82.7%。将PLR和NLR构成组合,PLR-NLR组合的AUC远高于CRP、Ranson评分等,被用作急性胰腺炎预后的评估。2020年一篇纳入1713例患者的荟萃分析结果显示,NLR作为急性胰腺炎严重程度诊断标记物的灵敏度、特异性、曲线下方面积分别为79%、71%、0.82 [13],被认为对预测AP严重程度具有较高的价值。另一篇研究中 [14],NLR灵敏度为93.48%,特异性为86.89%,认为NLR可与CRP等预测指标一样用于评估AP的预后。NLR和PLR在临床检验中较为常见,且检测成本低,因而有较好的临床应用前景,值得更多的研究来证实预测的价值。

3. 甘油三脂

甘油三酯(TG)是脂质的组成成分之一。当机体内甘油三酯升高,引起脂类代谢异常,脂肪含量进而升高,导致脂肪细胞功能改变,引起IL-6、TNF-a等含量升高 [15]。进而加重炎症反应。脂代谢异常在急性胰腺炎的炎症反应早期评估及预后中起着重要的作用。一项纳入7285例的荟萃分析结果显示 [16],甘油三酯相关急性胰腺炎组(TGAP组)各项指标均显著高于非甘油三脂相关急性胰腺炎组(NTGAP组)。其中病死率比值比(OR)为3.18,心脏指数(CI)范围为1.05~3.45,全身炎症反应综合征OR为2.03,CI范围为1.49~2.75。是首次荟萃分析得出高甘油三酯水平与急性胰腺炎的严重程度显著相关。另一项荟萃分析 [17] (34项研究),把高甘油三酯(HTG)与其他病因导致AP作比较,其中5篇认为HTG-AP致严重程度更高,而有2篇认为没有差异性。而2018年的一篇荟萃分析 [18] (16项研究),与对照组相比,HTG对急性胰腺炎的OR值为1.72,认为HTG会影响AP的病程和严重程度。TG在临床生化检测中可实现常规检测,有较好的应用前景,仍需进一步研究来证实其预测价值。

4. 急性期蛋白

血清淀粉样蛋白A (A-SSA),载脂蛋白家族,是一种主要的急性期蛋白,已被证明在炎症、感染、组织损伤过程中表达上调。Zhang等 [19] 研究发现,在重症急性胰腺炎中,A-SSA的检测比CRP的检测更具有说服力。但在评估炎症状态或细菌感染时,A-SSA与CRP、PCT等急性时相蛋白联合使用比单独使用更具有敏感性。而另外一项对比研究中 [20],评估SSA、CRP、PCT的敏感度、特异性和效率。SSA分别为76.8%、69.3%、72.4%。SSA的敏感度明显高于CRP、PCT,SSA与CRP的准确性和效率大致相同,二者之间总有效率无统计学差异,但SSA的特异性较差。一项小鼠模型研究中发现 [21],SSA3水平在AP小鼠中显著增高。SSA3通过对(受体相互作用蛋白-3) RIP3的调节,诱导依赖于RIP3的腺泡细胞坏死途径,被认为是一种潜在药物靶点。SSA有望替代CRP和PCT,在临床上得到更多的应用和推广。有待更多的临床研究来证实。

Pentraxin3蛋白(PTX-3)是急性期蛋白,被发现用于检测炎症反应的进程 [22]。一篇关于炎症介质在AP诊断和治疗中的研究发现 [23],AP组PTX-3水平在治疗前明显升高,证明PTX-3可作为急性胰腺炎早期严重程度判断的标志物。但另一项研究中 [24],发现对照组与AP组血清PTX-3水平平均值无显著性差异。Staubli等研究表明 [25],PTX3通过与CRP、APACHEII评分对比,AUC (浓度时间曲线)分别为0.54、0.69、0.69,因此认为PTX3在预测AP的全身炎症反应综合征方面不如CRP和APACHEII评分。且PTX-3和CRP联合使用时,AUC为0.7,联合使用评估价值也不高。以上研究结果有矛盾,还需得到更多研究来论证。

5. 血管生成素2

血管生成素2 (Ang2)是血管内皮细胞生长因子。Huang等 [26] 研究表明血管生成素2是反映急性胰腺炎早期较为准确的指标,Ang2的水平在AP患者中高于对照组,有统计学差异。和传统的CRP、Ranson和APACHEII评分相比,要优于传统的指标。一项研究评论结果示 [5],新兴标记物Ang2在AP的早期预测中表现出较好的结果,但仍需更多研究以明确其作用。一项研究表明 [27],Ang2能够预测AP导致的急性肾损伤,是反映AP严重程度的有关预测因子。需要更多的研究数据来进一步证实。

6. 脂肪酸结合蛋白

脂肪酸结合蛋白是一种小分子蛋白质。广泛存在于哺乳动物的肠、心、肝等多部位实质细胞中。最近一项关于血清I-FABP诊断急性胰腺炎坏死和严重程度的中心前瞻队列研究显示 [4],通过联合测定血浆I-FABP和乳酸的水平,发现重症患者、持续性器官衰竭患者、全身并发症患者入院时,血浆I-FABP水平显著高于对照组。认为机制可能与小肠损伤促炎细胞因子高水平和高I-FABP水平有关,肠粘膜屏障损伤,增加肠道通透性,循环系统中的促炎细胞因子水平升高,进而导致胰腺坏死加重和衰竭的持续时间增加。缺血性指标乳酸和I-FABP的结合得出较高水平的I-FABP与胰腺坏死、全身并发症及严重程度具有相关性,可以用于AP严重程度及预后的预测。仍需更多的临床研究来证实。

7. NLRP3

NLRP3属于NLR家族炎症小体,由多种蛋白复合体构成。NLRP3炎性小体参与的炎症反应激活,是通过先天免疫信号调节启动和激活信号来实现的 [28],启动信号上调NLRP3的表达,导致NLRP3寡聚,在促炎介质如高迁移蛋白的作用下,使caspase-1激活,进一步释放IL-1和IL-18。另外一种非典型的caspase-11激活NLRP3的途径。同时非典型的caspase-11又可促进caspase-1、IL-1、IL-18等的产生。Sendler等 [29] 通过小鼠动物实验,发现炎性小体激活与全身并发症有明显的相关性。在急性胰腺炎早期过程中系统性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)和代偿性抗炎反应综合征(CARS)并行启动,NLRP3调节IL-8,诱导Th2细胞介导反应。实验中NLRP3缺陷小鼠与对照组小鼠相比,T细胞活化程度降低,而Th2细胞介导反应没有增加,抑制NLRP3可减少系统性和代偿性炎症反应综合征。Jin等 [30] 通过Apocynin抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活和NF-κB信号传导,减轻炎症反应,起抗炎作用,从而减轻急性胰腺炎的损伤。NLRP3炎性小体与AP的严重程度有关,同时还能为研究AP的治疗提供新靶点。

8. 同型半胱氨酸

同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)是一种含有巯基的氨基酸,是蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸代谢过程中的中间产物 [31]。Hcy能促进炎症介质的释放,激活中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等多种炎症细胞释放IL-6等炎症介质,炎症介质的增加,导致炎症反应加重。进而使胰腺损伤加重。Yuzbasioglu等 [32] 发现,血清中同型半胱氨酸升高可能是诊断AP的标志。有研究还发现高水平的同型半胱氨酸会导致AP早期患者发生多器官功能衰竭 [33]。血清Hcy水平可较好反映早期急性胰腺炎严重程度的生物学指标。

9. 白细胞介素

IL-10和IL-35都属于白介素家族,与多种炎症相关疾病有关。2019年一项荟萃分析发现IL-10基因多态性可能导致中国汉族人群患急性胰腺炎的风险增加 [34]。另外一项荟萃分析也发现IL-10基因多态性会增加AP的发生与进展 [35]。Zhu等 [36] 发现大鼠体内的IL-10水平与重症急性胰腺炎肝损害程度呈正相关。IL-10高水平是否与AP病情严重程度相关还需进一步研究。IL-35被认为是强效的抗炎因子,Aksoy等 [24] 通过临床试验,发现轻症AP患者的IL-35水平在入院时和入院48小时皆显著低于对照组。另一项研究中表明 [37],自身免疫性胰腺炎患者血浆的IL-35水平表达升高,且平均水平高于酒精性胰腺炎组,被认为是通过激活eTregs来抑制炎症反应。目前IL-10、IL-35被用于急性胰腺炎的研究较少,需更多的研究来进一步证实。

10. 中性粒细胞载脂蛋白

中性粒细胞载脂蛋白(HNL)隶属于载脂蛋白家族,在人体中性粒细胞中表达。细菌和病毒入侵机体,激活免疫系统,大量中性粒细胞产生,在急性感染早期几个小时内数值就升高。有数据表明HNL在感染性疾病中灵敏度和特异性均大于90% [38] [39] [40]。HNL在评估呼吸道细菌感染中,AUC在0.88~0.93之间,诊断性能明显优于CRP和PCT,被认为是特异性和快速性生物标记物 [39]。Wu等研究 [41] 发现,载脂蛋白的比值与SAP严重程度相关,灵敏度为83.08%,能够作为评估SAP严重程度的可靠指标。因研究项目较少,目前证据并不能充分证实HNL能够特异的评估急性胰腺炎。

11. 亲环素A

亲环素A (CyPA)是一种肽基脯氨酰顺反异构酶,通过诱导腺泡细胞产生多种炎性细胞因子,趋化炎症细胞进入相应反应部位,从而在炎性疾病反应中起着重要的作用。Lu等 [42] 发现,CyPA在急性胰腺炎患者血清中明显高于对照组患者,推测其可能与CRP、PCT等其他炎症介质一样,可以作为独立预测因子评估急性胰腺炎的严重程度和预后,成为潜在评估严重程度的生物学标记物。当前研究文献较少,还需更多临床研究证据来证实CyPA是AP的标记物。

综上所述,急性重症胰腺炎在临床上有较高的致死率,若早期能够对急性重症胰腺炎进行预测,将会显著地降低疾病的严重程度和改善患者的预后。血清生物标志物如CRP、PCT等,具有早期、快速、便捷等优点,广泛使用在临床中。但特异性和灵敏度较低,一些新兴的炎性标记物如A-SSA、NLRP3、Ang2表达了较高的灵敏度和特异性。NLR、PLR、Hcy、TG等已被证实能够用于对AP的严重程度分型及预后。I-FABP被用作急性胰腺炎的肠道损伤标记物。目前PTX-3、CyPA、HNL、IL-10、IL-35等研究的项目较少,还需更多的临床研究来进一步预测和评估AP的严重程度。为急性胰腺炎的诊疗提供更多的参考价值。目前普遍认为联合应用多个指标检测能够提高预测的价值,因而,临床上需要联合多个指标进行检测,以提高预测的准确性。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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