维生素C联合维生素E治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的系统综述
Systematic Review of Vitamin C Combined with Vitamin E in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
摘要: 非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是肝脏疾病的常见病因,是全球最常见的慢性肝病,其特点是肝脏脂肪变性,可进展为终末期肝病。维生素E的应用对于NAFLD的病人有一定的治疗作用,长期以来广泛应用于临床。近年来,维生素C联合维生素E在NAFLD的病人中应用较多,但对于其确切疗效尚未完全达成一致意见。本文就维生素C联合维生素E治疗非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的研究进展做一系统综述。
Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of liver disease and the most common chronic liver disease in the world. It is characterized by hepatic steatosis and can progress to end-stage liver disease. The application of vitamin E has a certain therapeutic effect on patients with NAFLD, and has been widely used in clinic for a long time. In recent years, vitamin C combined with vitamin E has been widely used in patients with NAFLD, but the exact efficacy has not been fully agreed. This paper reviews the research progress of vitamin C combined with vitamin E in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
文章引用:韩荣双, 单梦琛, 刘婷, 田字彬, 荆雪. 维生素C联合维生素E治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的系统综述[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(10): 4727-4731. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.1110694

1. 前言

非酒精性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD),是全球最常见的慢性肝病之一,在普通人群中的发病率约为25% [1],是一种无过量饮酒史,由各种原因引起的肝细胞内脂肪堆积,以肝细胞脂肪变性和脂质蓄积为主要特征的临床病理综合征。其病理变化随病程的进展而表现有单纯性脂肪肝、高脂血症、高血压,并被认为是代谢综合征在肝脏的一种病理表现。疾病谱包括单纯性脂肪肝(NAFL)、脂肪性肝炎(NASH)及其相关肝硬化和肝细胞癌 [2] [3] [4]。流行病学调查显示,西方发达国家成人的患病率约17%~33%,在我国,NAFLD是仅次于病毒性肝炎的慢性肝疾病 [5]。NAFLD的发病机制较为复杂,免疫失调、脂质代谢失调、氧化应激等都被普遍认为参与了NAFLD的发病过程,且与遗传因素和环境作用有关 [6]。内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)参与到目前最广泛接受的“多重打击”学说发病机制中,被认为可引起肝脏脂肪代谢紊乱、炎症及细胞凋亡,是一种导致NAFLD发生发展的应激反应,尤其是在脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的发生发展过程中,氧化应激增强,脂质过氧化增加,DNA氧化损伤、抗氧化能力降低及炎症活动明显增加,因此抗氧化剂对于NAFLD的治疗有效 [7]。

维生素E在抗炎活性、基因表达、细胞信号传导和细胞增殖中起着重要作用,其环状结构上的羟基团等均能轻易去除自由基,使他们失活,是一种高效抗氧化剂,在众多研究中,维生素E治疗NAFLD的积极作用都被证实 [7] [8] [9]。同样,维生素C也是一种强大的抗氧化剂,可清除自由基,作为还原剂参与多种酶反应 [6] [10]。此外,维生素C可能参与调节循环和肝脂平衡,然而,从目前的证据来看,维生素C摄入与NAFLD之间的联系仍存在争议 [11]。由于药物治疗NAFLD成本较高且有副作用,营养干预是目前NAFLD治疗的首选方案 [5]。文章对近年来国内外维生素E联合维生素C治疗NAFLD的研究进展做一综述。

2. 对脂肪水平的影响

在NAFLD疾病的起始阶段,单纯性脂肪肝(simple fatty liver, SFL)形成,此期引起肝中脂质堆积的原因众多,包括极低密度脂蛋白分泌减少,游离脂肪酸氧化减少,乳糜微粒积累,脂肪组织分解减少或生成增加等途径 [12] [13]。维生素E的补充在许多研究中已被证实可改善NASH的脂肪变性程度 [14],维生素C联合维生素E两种抗氧化剂对于NAFLD脂肪水平的影响在近年国内外研究中也备受关注。Dana等 [7] 在一项总样本量为789人的横断面研究中,利用SteatoTest评估补充维生素C及维生素E前后对于NAFLD的脂肪水平有无影响。结果显示,维生素E摄入≥5.45 mg/1000Kcal及维生素C摄入≥91.40 mg/Kcal的样本量为263,较两种维生素摄入少相比,脂肪变性与维生素补充上限呈明显的反比关系。Temitope等在一项样本量为455人前瞻性研究中,随机将样本分为实验组和对照组,实验组给予阿托伐他汀20 mg、维生素C 10 g、维生素E 1000 IU,对照组给予安慰剂,平均随访3.6年发现中重度脂肪肝风险降低了71%,且通过对总胆固醇值 < 200或者TG < 150的NAFLD患者进行了亚组分析,结果显示阿托伐他汀联合维生素E及维生素C较安慰剂组相比脂肪水平有明显改善。

3. 对肝脏纤维化的影响

肝脏炎症反应是由脂肪细胞、肝巨噬细胞和富含脂质的肝细胞产生的促炎细胞因子和趋化因子触发的,这些细胞促进星状细胞的激活,星状细胞是负责肝脏纤维化形成的关键细胞类型 [15]。NASH患者有7%~17%的可能进展为肝硬化,Stephen A等 [16] 在一项样本量为49人的前瞻性对照研究中,将纤维化程度评分为0~4分,随机化将样本分为实验组和安慰剂组,给予病人1000 IU维生素E和1000 IU维生素C或者安慰剂治疗,结果显示实验组纤维化明显改善,有2例(8.7%)在6个月内改善2分,9例(39.1%)改善1分,安慰剂组观察肝脏病理数据发现对于纤维化改善无统计学意义。一项样本量为23人的试点研究对部分NASH患者进行肝脏活检 [17],病理也显示纤维化较维生素与治疗前有好转。而另一项研究经统计学分析认为,维生素C及维生素E的补充对于肝脏纤维化的改善无统计学意义 [7]。因此对于肝脏纤维化的病理表现还需更多更大样本量的研究。

4. 对肝酶的影响

炎症是对组织损伤或感染的生理反应,导致各种炎症介质的分泌,如细胞因子、趋化因子和类二十烷酸,协调细胞防御机制和组织修复。随着时间的推移,炎症活动的持续性会导致慢性炎症变化,从而加剧组织损伤,并可能导致异常的伤口愈合反应,在NAFLD的情况下,这有助于NASH和肝纤维化的发展 [18]。由于氧化应激、炎症活动增加等影响,NAFLD患者相关实验室检查常可见肝酶及炎性标志物的升高 [17]。硫氧还蛋白是一种应激诱导的硫醇蛋白,已被证明是各种疾病的氧化应激指标 [19],血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)是常用的监测肝酶指标。Miwa等 [17] 所做的一项研究,连续12个月给予23名NASH患者维生素E 300 mg/d及维生素C 300 mg/d,监测补充维生素前后ALT及硫氧还蛋白的变化,结果显示两者较治疗前显著降低。联合应用维生素可能有助于NASH患者减少氧化应激所造成的干细胞损伤,并减缓肝硬化的进展过程。但是,在Stephen A等 [16] 研究中发现补充维生素前后对于ALT的改善无统计学意义,但血清C-反应蛋白较治疗前的降低有统计学意义。

5. 小结与展望

NAFLD已经成为全世界范围内一种主要的健康负担,对于病人生活质量及社会经济发展造成了巨大的负担。从其发病机制出发,抗氧化剂的治疗,如维生素E、维生素C等经国内外研究证实可延缓及改善病程进展,虽然维生素C联合维生素E的具体治疗效果在不同的研究中略有不同,但对于降低脂肪水平、改善肝脏纤维化、降低肝酶及各种炎性标志物等总体来说都有积极作用。

近日,Mohammed等 [20] 在最新的国际专家共识声明中提出,用代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, MAFLD)代替原本的非酒精性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD),并且提出将本病原本的排他性诊断标准更改为:基于组织病理学/影像学/血液生物学标志证实有肝脏脂肪变性的证据,并有以下三项标准之一:1) 超重或肥胖;2) 2型糖尿病;3) 存在代谢失调的证据。另外,建议对低水平或者无法检测到脂肪变性的肝硬化患者,若其他符合MAFLD的诊断标准,应作为MAFLD相关肝硬化考虑。此次共识远远超出了对疾病定义的单纯修改,更促进了疾病的概念化,以更好地促进治疗方案的进步及正确的实验导向。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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