心理距离的维度、关系及相关研究领域扩展
The Dimensions, Relationship and Related Research Area Extensions of Psychological Distance
摘要: 心理距离以自我为中心，其参照零点是此时此地自己的直接经验，并沿着不同的维度向外扩展，主要包含时间距离、空间距离、社会距离和假设性四个维度。四个距离维度之间具有潜在的自动化联系，且不同维度之间存在相互影响。一些研究表明，心理距离除了上述四个距离维度之外，还扩展到其他相关研究领域，如社会权力、所有权和交易、感觉、新异性、情绪等。未来研究应进一步扩大心理距离的研究领域，关注心理物理学研究，如心理距离是如何随着客观距离的变化而改变的；距离维度数量的变化如何影响心理距离等等。
Abstract: Psychological distance is egocentric: its reference point is the self in the here and now, and the different ways in which an object might be removed from that point—in time, in space, in social distance, and in hypotheticality—constitute four different distance dimensions. The different psychological distances would have automatic associations, and they would also affect and be affected by each other. Several researches have shown that psychological distance would be extended to many other related research areas that go beyond the four dimensions, such as social power, ownership vs transactions, proximal vs distal senses, novelty, affect, and so on. Future researches should extend the research field of psychological distance. It is also important to include the research of psychophysics. For example, how do objective distances map onto generalized psychological distance? How do different distances combine to affect psychological distance? And so forth.
文章引用：华生旭, 吕厚超 (2012). 心理距离的维度、关系及相关研究领域扩展. 心理学进展, 2(2), 52-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2012.22009

参考文献

[1] 李雁晨, 周庭锐, 周琇(2009). 解释水平理论: 从时间距离到心理距离. 心理科学进展, 4期, 667-677.
[2] 孙晓玲, 张云, 吴明证(2007). 解释水平理论的研究现状与展望. 应用心理学, 2期, 181-186.
[3] Alicke, M. D., Vredenburg, D. S., Hiatt, M., & Govorun, O. (2001). The “better than myself effect.” Motivation and Emotion, 1, 7-22.
[4] Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). Effects of fluency on psychological distance and mental construal. Psychological Science, 2, 161-167.
[5] Bar-Anan, Y., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2006). The association between psychological distance and construal level: Evidence from an implicit association test. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 4, 609-622.
[6] Bar-Anan, Y., Liberman, N., Trope, Y., & Algom, D. (2007). Automatic processing of psychological distance: Evidence from a stroop task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 4, 610-622.
[7] Beer, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2004). What is unique about self-conscious emotions? Psychological Inquiry, 2, 126-170.
[8] Bilgin, B., & Brenner, L. (2008). Temporal distance moderates descrip- tion dependence of subjective probability. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3, 890-895.
[9] Boring, E. G., Langfeld, H. S., & Weld, H. P. (1939). Introduction to psychology. New York: Wiley.
[10] Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 1, 1-28.
[11] Boroditsky, L. (2007). Comparison and the development of knowledge. Cognition, 1, 118-128.
[12] Boroditsky, L., & Ramscar, M. (2002). The roles of body and mind in abstract thought. Psychological Science, 2, 185-189.
[13] Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in languageusage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[14] Casasanto, D., & Boroditsky, L. (2008). Time in the mind: Using space to think about time. Cognition, 2, 579-593.
[15] Dehanene, S. (2003). The neural basis of the we-ber-fechner law: A logarithmic mental number line. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 145-147.
[16] Evans, V. (2004). The structure of time: Language, meaning and tem- poral cognition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
[17] Fehr, E. (2002). The economics of impatience. Nature, 6869, 269-272.
[18] Förster, J. (2009). Cognitive consequences of novelty and familiarity: How mere exposure influences level of construal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 444-447.
[19] Förster, J., Liberman, N., & Shapira, O. (2009). Preparing for novel versus familiar events: Shifts in global and local processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 3, 383-399.
[20] Förster, J., Özelsel, A., & Epstude, K. (2010). How love and lust change people’s perception of relationship partners. Journal of Ex-perimental Social Psychology, 2, 237-246.
[21] Frank, M. G., & Gilovich, T. (1989). Effect of memory perspective on retrospective causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 399-403.
[22] Gasper, K., & Clore, G. L. (2002). Attending to the big picture: Mood and global versus local processing of visual information. Psychological Science, 1, 34-40.
[23] Gilovich, T., Kerr, M., & Medvec, V. H. (1993). Effect of temporal perspective on subjective confidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 552-560.
[24] Gray, J. A. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press.
[25] Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2004). A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychological Bulletin, 5, 769-792.
[26] Guinote, A., Judd, C. M., & Brauer, M. (2002). Effects of power on perceived and objective group variability: Evidence that more powerful groups are more variable. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 708-721.
[27] Hogg, M. A. (2001). A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 184-200.
[28] Hsee, C. K., & Weber, E. U. (1997). A fundamental prediction error: Self-other discrepancies in risk preference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1, 45-53.
[29] Irmak, C., Wakslak, C. J., & Trope, Y. (2009). Selling the forest, buying the trees: Mental representation of endowment. Unpublished manuscript, University of South Carolina.
[30] Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. (1990). Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem. Journal of Political Economy, 6, 1352-1376.
[31] Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica, 2, 263-292.
[32] Lako, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[33] Leslie, A. M. (1982). The perception of causality in infants. Perception, 2, 173-186.
[34] Liberman, N., Idson, L. C., Camacho, C. J., & Higgins, E. T. (1999). Promotion and prevention choices between stability and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 1135-1145.
[35] Liberman, N., & Förster, J. (2009). Distancing from experienced self: How global-versus-local perception affects estimation of psychological distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 203-216.
[36] Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (1998). The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 5-18.
[37] Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008). The psychology of transcending here and now. Science, 5905, 1201-1205.
[38] Liberman, N., Trope, Y., & Stephan, E. (2007). Psychological distance. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 353-383). New York: Guilford Press.
[39] Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Jetten, J. (1994). Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 808-817.
[40] Mandler, J. M. (1992). How to build a baby: II. Conceptual primitives. Psychological Review, 4, 587-604.
[41] Mitchell, T. R., Thompson, L., Peterson, L., & Cronk, R. (1997). Temporal adjustments in the evaluation of events: The “rosy view.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 421-448.
[42] Niedenthal, P. M., Barsalou, L. W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2005). Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 184-211.
[43] Nisan, M. (1972). Dimension of time in relation to choice behavior and achievement orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 175-182.
[44] Nussbaum, S., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2006). Predicting the near and distant future. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2, 152-161.
[45] Overbeck, J. R., & Park, B. (2001). When power does not corrupt: Superior individuation processes among powerful perceivers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 549-565.
[46] Pronin, E. (2008). How we see ourselves and how we see others. Science, 5880, 1177-1180.
[47] Pronin, E., Olivola, C. Y., & Kennedy, K. A. (2008). Doing unto future selves as you would do unto others: Psychological distance and decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2, 224- 236.
[48] Pronin, E., & Ross, L. (2006). Temporal differences in trait self ascrip- tion: When the self is seen as another. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 197-209.
[49] Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., & Cross, D. (1991). Subjective probability and delay. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 233-244.
[50] Robinson, J. A., & Swanson, K. L. (1993). Field and observer modes of remembering. Memory, 3, 169-184.
[51] Rodaway, P. (1994). Sensuous geographies: Body, sense, and place. London: Routledge.
[52] Savitsky, K., Medvec, V. H., Charlton, A. E., & Gilovich, T. (1998). “What, me worry?” Arousal, misattribution and the effect of temporal distance on confidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 529-536.
[53] Smith, P. K., & Trope, Y. (2006). You focus on the forest when you’re in charge of the trees: Power priming and abstract information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 578-596.
[54] Stephan, E., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2010). Politeness and psychological distance: A construal level perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 268-280.
[55] Stephan, E., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2011). The effects of time perspective and level of construal on social distance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 397-402.
[56] Thaler, R. (1980). Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, 39-60.
[57] Trope, Y. (2004). Theory in social psychology: Seeing the forest and the trees. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 193-200.
[58] Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 3, 403-421.
[59] Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 2, 440-463.
[60] Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Wakslak, C. (2007). Construal levels and psychological distance: Effects on representation, prediction, evalua- tion, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2, 83-95.
[61] Unkelbach, C. (2006). The learned interpretation of cognitive fluency. Psychological Science, 4, 339-345.
[62] Van Boven, L., Kane, J., McGraw, A. P., & Dale, J. (2010). Feeling close: Emotional intensity reduces perceived psychological distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 872-885.
[63] Wakslak, C. J., & Trope, Y. (2008). The who, where, and when of low and high probability events: Probability as distance and everyday decision-making. Unpublished manuscript, New York University.
[64] Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008). Keeping one’s distance: The influence of spatial distance cues on affect and evaluation. Psychological Science, 3, 302-308.
[65] Zauberman, G. B., Kim, K., Malkoc, S., & Bettman, J. R. (2009). Discounting time and time discounting: Subjective time perception and intertemporal preferences. Journal of Marketing Research, 4, 543- 556.