胃癌根治术后并发症与远期生存的相关性分析
Correlation Analysis between Postoperative Complications and Long-Term Survival after Radical Resection of Gastric Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.132176, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 195  浏览: 344  科研立项经费支持
作者: 于 彬, 王熙勋, 胡金晨, 张翼飞, 姚增武, 鉴 谧, 姜立新*:青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院胃肠外一科甲状腺外科,山东 烟台
关键词: 胃癌术后并发症Clavin-Dindo分级远期生存Gastric Cancer Postoperative Complications Clavien-Dindo Classification Long-Term Survival
摘要: 目的:本研究旨在探讨胃癌根治术后并发症对远期生存的影响。方法:本研究回顾性分析2014年1月1日至2017年12月30日就诊于青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院并施行胃癌根治术的716名胃癌患者的临床病理资料、术后并发症发生情况及术后生存情况,并根据术后并发症的发生特点进行了分组,比较了严重并发症与非严重并发症患者以及胃肠道相关并发症与非胃肠道相关并发症患者的生存曲线。结果:全部共716例患者中,术后并发症的发生率为20.5%,并根据Clavien-Dindo分级标准对术后并发症的严重程度进行分级。其中非严重并发症(I-II级)与严重并发症(III-IV级)的发生率分别为13.1%和7.4%,并且非严重并发症组的五年总生存期(OS)和无进展生存期(DFS)均优于严重并发症组(P < 0.01)。根据胃癌术后并发症分类标准将其分为胃肠道相关并发症及非胃肠道相关并发症,其中胃肠道相关并发症与非胃肠道相关并发症的发生率分别为10.7%和9.8%,并且非胃肠道相关并发症组的五年总生存期(OS)和无进展生存期(DFS)均优于胃肠道相关并发症组(P < 0.01)。进一步按照病理分期进行分层后,II期、III期患者同样观察到这种趋势。结论:胃癌根治术后严重并发症对患者5年OS和DFS均有不利影响。并发症的预防及早期诊断对手术安全和患者的长期生存至关重要。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effect of complications after radical gastrectomy on long-term survival. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological data, postoperative complica-tions and postoperative survival of 716 patients with gastric cancer who went to Yantai Yuhuang-ding Hospital affiliated to Qingdao University from January 1, 2014 to December 30, 2017 for radi-cal gastrectomy, and grouped them according to the characteristics of postoperative complications. The survival curves of patients with severe and non-severe complications, and patients with gas-trointestinal related complications and non-gastrointestinal related complications were compared. Results: In 716 patients, the incidence of postoperative complications was 20.5%, and the severity of postoperative complications was graded according to Clavien-Dindo grading standard. The inci-dences of non-serious complications (I-II) and serious complications (III-IV) were 13.1% and 7.4%, respectively. The total five-year survival (OS) and progression free survival (DFS) of the non-serious complications group were better than those of the severe complications group (P < 0.01). According to the classification criteria of postoperative complications of gastric cancer, they were divided into gastrointestinal related complications and non-gastrointestinal related complications. The inci-dence of gastrointestinal related complications and non-gastrointestinal related complications was 10.7% and 9.8% respectively. The five-year total survival (OS) and progression free survival (DFS) of the non-gastrointestinal related complications group were better than those of the gastrointesti-nal related complications group (P < 0.01). This trend was also observed in stage II and III patients after further stratification according to pathological stages. Conclusion: Severe complications after radical gastrectomy have adverse effects on OS and DFS of patients for 5 years. The prevention and early diagnosis of complications are critical to the safety of surgery and the long-term survival of patients.
文章引用:于彬, 王熙勋, 胡金晨, 张翼飞, 姚增武, 鉴谧, 姜立新. 胃癌根治术后并发症与远期生存的相关性分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(2): 1275-1286. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.132176

1. 背景

胃癌是最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率及死亡率高居不下 [1]。随着诊疗技术的不断发展,化疗、放疗、靶向治疗等手段进一步革新,但手术切除仍是局部进展期胃癌的主要治疗手段。在现代外科时代,胃癌的围手术期死亡率及再手术率已降至较低水平 [2]。然而,术后并发症的发生率仍令人不甚满意,并且术后并发症的发生直接延长了病人的住院时间、增加了住院费用,甚至影响患者的远期预后 [3] [4] [5]。

最近的研究表明,有术后并发症的患者的长期生存结果较差,但导致这一趋势的根本原因仍有待确定 [6] [7] [8] [9]。为此,我们回顾性分析了青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院自2014至2017年间实施了胃癌根治术的716名病人的临床及病理资料,并根据Clavien-Dindo评分系统评估并发症的严重程度,并分析严重和非严重并发症对远期生存的影响。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

收集2014年1月至2017年12月青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院诊断为原发性胃癌并由胃肠外一科医师施行胃癌根治性手术治疗的病人。纳入标准:1) 术前经组织病理学诊断为胃癌;2) 术前胸片、腹部超声、腹部CT及磁共振等检查无肝、肺、腹腔等远处转移,无肿瘤直接侵犯胰腺、脾脏、肝脏、结肠等;3) 术后病理学证明为R0切除;4) 临床病理及随访资料完整;5) 手术前签署知情同意书。病例剔除标准:1) 术中发现有远处转移及腹膜转移;2) 行姑息性手术者;3) 病理学诊断资料不全者。该研究得到我院伦理委员会审核同意,所有患者术前均签署知情同意书。最终716例病人纳入本研究,其中男性525例,女性191例。

2.2. 手术方法

采用气管插管全身麻醉,根据日本《胃癌治疗指南》规定选择胃切除范围,并根据日本第14版《胃癌处理规约》规定进行胃周围淋巴结清扫。性腹腔镜手术326例,传统开腹手术390例。

2.3. 并发症诊断标准

根据Clavien-Dindo标准对术后并发症进行分级 [10]:I级,任何偏离正常的术后恢复过程,没有生命危险,不需要药物、介入治疗,但允许对症处理,如解热、镇痛、止吐、利尿、调节电解质、物理治疗;II级,需要药物治疗,包括输血和全肠外营养;III级,需要手术、内镜、影像学介入治疗,并根据是否需要全身麻醉分为IIIa级(不需要)和IIIb级(需要);IV级,威胁生命的并发症需要重症监护病房(ICU)管理;V级,死亡。其中I-II级并发症定义为非严重并发症,III-IV级并发症定义为严重并发症。根据中国胃肠肿瘤外科术后并发症诊断登记规范专家共识(2018版)对术后并发症进行分类 [11],根据分类标准分为胃肠道相关并发症及非胃肠道相关并发症。

2.4. 临床资料及随访

临床资料包括术前因素(年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、伴随疾病、既往腹部手术史)、手术相关因素(手术方式、手术时间、联合脏器切除、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫范围、消化道重建方式)、术后病理因素(肿瘤分期、淋巴结清扫数目、脉管癌栓、神经浸润)等。胃癌标本的病理分期根据国际抗癌联盟/美国癌症联合会(UICC/AJCC)第7版TNM分期系统胃癌分期标准。随访主要采用门诊复查、电话及微信相结合的方式进行,末次随访时间为2021年12月30日。总生存时间(OS)定义为从手术日期到死亡日期或从手术日期至最后一次随访检查日期的间隔时间。无病生存(DFS)时间定义为从手术到复发或远端转移的时间段。

2.5. 统计学方法

所有数据采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。通过卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法分析分类变量。使用Logistic回归方法确定并发症的独立危险因素。使用Kaplan-Meier方法计算5年的OS和DFS发生率及绘制生存曲线,并采用Log-rank检验。使用Cox回归进行预后因素分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 患者临床资料及胃癌根治术后并发症的Clavien-Dindo法分级

表1展示了本研究纳入患者的临床资料特征。表2展示了术后并发症的类型及严重程度。总体而言,716例研究对象中发生术后并发症的患者为147例(20.5%),其中严重并发症和非严重并发症的发生率分别为7.4% (53/716)和13.1% (94/716),胃肠道相关并发症的发生率分别为10.7% (77/716)和9.8% (70/716)。

Table 1. Clinical data characteristics of 716 patients

表1. 716名患者的临床资料特征

Table 2. Complications after radical gastrectomy of gastric cancer

表2. 胃癌根治术后并发症情况

3.2. 胃癌术后并发症的危险因素分析

将患者分为有并发症组和无并发症组。如表3所示,单因素分析提示,BMI、肿瘤T分期、肿瘤N分期、肿瘤大小与胃癌术后并发症的发生相关,而两组患者在性别、年龄、腹部手术史、合并疾病、手术方式、联合脏器切除、手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫范围、消化道重建方式、淋巴结清扫数目、脉管癌栓、神经浸润等方面比较无统计学差异(P均 > 0.05)。如表4所示,进一步发热多因素分析确定了BMI、肿瘤N分期是术后并发症发生的独立危险因素。

(a) (b) (c)

Table 3. Univariate analysis of complication risk factors after radical gastrectomy. (a) Preoperative; (b) During operation; (c) Postoperative

表3. 胃癌根治术后并发症危险因素的单因素分析(a) 术前;(b) 术中;(c) 术后

Table 4. Multivariate analysis of the risk factors of complications after radical gastrectomy

表4. 胃癌根治术后并发症危险因素的多因素分析

3.3. 胃癌术后并发症与远期生存分析

图1所示,其中无并发症组的5年OS (P < 0.01)和DFS (P < 0.01)率明显优于有并发症组。并且为了确定对远期生存影响最大的并发症类型,分析了严重并发症和胃肠道相关并发症的影响。在本研究中,严重并发症是指Clavien-Dindo III级或更高级别的并发症。如图2所示,非严重并发症组的5年OS (P< 0.01)和DFS (P < 0.01)率明显高于严重并发症组。本研究共77例胃肠道相关并发症,包括24例吻合口漏、8例十二指肠残端漏、2例吻合口出血、22例胃排空障碍、6例腹腔感染、3例腹腔出血、3例腹腔积液、4例吻合口狭窄、5例肠梗阻。如图3所示,与有胃肠道相关并发症的患者相比,非胃肠道相关并发症患者的5年OS (P < 0.01)和DFS (P < 0.01)率明显更高。如图4图5所示,进一步的亚组分析表明,在II期及III期患者中,有胃肠道相关并发症的患者其5年OS (P < 0.01)和DFS (P < 0.01)率同样更低。

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier curve of OS and DFS rates in 716 patients with gastric cancer 5 years after surgery

图1. 716例胃癌患者术后5年OS及DFS率的Kaplan-Meier曲线

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier curve of OS and DFS rates in 716 patients with gastric cancer 5 years after surgery

图2. 716例胃癌患者术后5年OS及DFS率的Kaplan-Meier曲线

Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier curve of OS and DFS rates in 716 patients with gastric cancer 5 years after surgery

图3. 716例胃癌患者术后5年OS及DFS率的Kaplan-Meier曲线

Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier curve of OS and DFS rates in 167 patients with stage II gastric cancer 5 years after surgery

图4. 167例II期胃癌患者术后5年OS及DFS率的Kaplan-Meier曲线

Figure 5. Kaplan-Meier curve of OS and DFS rates in 304 patients with stage III gastric cancer 5 years after surgery

图5. 304例III期胃癌患者术后5年OS及DFS率的Kaplan-Meier曲线

4. 讨论

在我国,胃癌是第三大最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是肿瘤相关性死亡的第三大主要原因 [11]。手术作为治疗胃癌最有效的手段之一,术后并发症的影响不可忽视。胃癌术后并发症会显著延长住院时间和医疗支出,还会损害术后的短期恢复,并可能对长期生存产生负面影响。在本研究中,我们分析了2014年至2017年期间我院诊治的胃癌病例,并证实了有术后并发症的患者的长期生存率较低。随后的分析验证了,严重并发症及胃肠道相关并发症同样会导致患者的长期生存受损。

关于“并发症”与“生存”的问题曾被反复研究,结果也有所争议。既往有研究表明,食管癌或胃食管癌患者术后并发症的发生可能会对远期预后产生较差的影响 [6] [12] [13]。而在结直肠癌患者中,术后并发症的发生也可能会导致术后更高的复发率及更差的远期预后 [14] [15] [16]。Branagan的报道表明,直肠吻合口漏相比于结肠吻合口漏增加了结肠手术后局部复发的风险。然而,同一作者报告了吻合口漏患者与无吻合口漏的患者直接的长期生存率没有差异 [8]。Junemann-Ramirez等人也报道过相似的结果,他们发现尽管吻合口漏导致30天的死亡率要高许多,但吻合口漏不会缩短食管胃切除术患者的5年生存期 [17]。对于这种有争议的数据,可能存在的解释是,相比于非严重并发症(I-II级)只有严重并发症(III级或更高)会对患者的生存造成影响。而我们的研究对此进行了分析,结果证实了有严重并发症的患者其生存率较低。

有相当多的理论将有并发症的患者的生存率低归结于癌症的局部复发或者远处转移 [7] [18] [19]。有研究称,在接受结直肠癌切除术的患者中,当发生吻合口漏时其远期预后可能会严重受损 [16] [17]。还有人提出,吻合口漏会导致有活力的脱落的肿瘤细胞可沉积并植入骨盆,从而导致局部复发率增加 [14]。但是Tokunaga等人的研究并没有观察到吻合口漏患者的局部复发 [7]。

关于胃肠道相关性并发症,例如吻合口漏、十二指肠残端漏、吻合口出血等,在我们的研究中发现其会导致较差的远期生存。这可能反映出局部的免疫抑制会影响癌症的复发与生存率的降低 [20] [21]。局部的炎症细胞因子例如肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和白介素1,6和8 (IL-1/6/8)可能会干扰自然杀伤细胞、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞和抗原呈递细胞的功能,而这些因子又可能会促进肿瘤细胞的生长与转移 [22] [23] [24]。并且这部分并发症的发生往往需要较长时间的恢复,对术后辅助化疗的初始时间产生影响,这可能会进一步降低生存率 [25] [26]。

基于术后并发症对于术后生存的严重影响,我们通过分析患者基线特征及围手术期相关参数进一步确定了增加并发症发生风险的因素。在我们的数据分析中,可以确定的影响因素包括了BMI和肿瘤的分期。

本研究也存在着局限性,主要在于其回顾性和相对较小的样本群体,并且由于缺乏有关术后化疗的信息,可能会影响患者的总体生存率,但缺乏的化疗信息可能不会影响DFS的结果。在我们的研究结果中,我们发现无并发症患者组的5年无病生存率明显高于有并发症患者组,并且这一趋势也在非严重并发症组或非胃肠道相关并发症组中观察到。进一步的亚组分析表明,在II期及III期患者中胃肠道并发症意味着较差的3年OS及DFS率。尽管存在这些局限性,但我们仍认为严重并发症是胃癌患者重要的不良预后指标。

我们的数据证实了胃癌手术后出现术后并发症的患者,其生存更趋劣势,并且对于出现严重或者胃肠道相关并发症的患者,其影响更为深远。预防和早期诊断并发症对于减少并发症对手术安全和患者生存的影响至关重要。

基金项目

山东大学项目(3460019005);烟台市科技发展计划(2019MSGY136)。

NOTES

*通讯作者Email: jianglixin1969@hotmail.com

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