幼儿眼眶腺泡状软组织肉瘤术后质子放疗1例报道及文献综述
A Case Report and Literature Review of Postoperative Proton Radiation Therapy for Orbital Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma in Young Children
DOI: 10.12677/ACRS.2024.121001, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 81  浏览: 183  科研立项经费支持
作者: 张云波*, 李沐阳, 魏清龙, 张建光#:淄博万杰肿瘤医院肿瘤科,山东 淄博;郑丽萍:淄博万杰肿瘤医院心血管内二科,山东 淄博
关键词: 腺泡状软组织肉瘤质子放疗Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma Proton Radiation Therapy
摘要: 腺泡状软组织肉瘤(Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma, ASPS)为罕见肿瘤,幼儿患者治疗难以配合,放疗对生长发育存在影响。本文报道一例幼儿患者术后采用质子放射治疗病例。
Abstract: Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare tumor that is difficult to cooperate within the treatment of young children, and radiation therapy has an impact on growth and development. This article reports a case of a young child who underwent postoperative proton radiation therapy.
文章引用:张云波, 李沐阳, 郑丽萍, 魏清龙, 张建光. 幼儿眼眶腺泡状软组织肉瘤术后质子放疗1例报道及文献综述[J]. 亚洲外科手术病例研究, 2024, 12(1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACRS.2024.121001

1. 简介

腺泡状软组织肉瘤(Alveolar Soft-Part Sarcoma, ASPS)为罕见肿瘤,通常发生在躯体主干和四肢末端,其他好发部位为腹膜后、盆腔、头颈部、纵隔、膀胱和胃肠道 [1] 。发病率占软组织肿瘤的不足1%,好发于15~35岁,而对于发生头颈部区域的患者多为婴幼儿或儿童,也有青年患者的报道 [1] [2] 。发生于眶内多以视力下降和眼球突出为首发症状,多为无痛性肿块,生长缓慢,通常呈囊性和局灶性。淋巴结转移发生率低,淋巴结转移病例只有7% [3] 。肿瘤发生隐匿,往往导致延误诊断和治疗。诊断通常采用CT或MR,确诊需要活组织检查。影像检查可以观察肿瘤大小、位置,以便于确定治疗计划。现有文献对本病报道较少,本文报道一例幼儿眼眶腺泡状软组织肉瘤患者。

2. 病例展示

Figure 1. Postoperative image

图1. 术后影像图像

患儿,男,15月。2022年11月,其父母无意中发现患儿左眼肿胀、眼球外突。颅脑MR提示:“左侧眼眶肌锥内间隙见不规则异常信号影,沿神经管向后延伸至左侧海绵窦区域,考虑肿瘤性病变,血管源性?其他?”于2023年1月行“经颅眶占位切除 + 神经减压 + 颅底重建术”(见图1)。术后病理:“病变部位:颅眶沟通性占位;病理诊断:肿瘤;免疫组化:TFE3 (+)、MyoD1 (部分细胞+)、S100 (−)、HMB45 (−)、Syna (−)、SMA (−)、Des (−)、PCK (−)、SOX10 (−)、CathepsinK PAS (+)。我院会诊病理,CK (−) TFE3 (+) MyoD1 (部分细胞+) CD34 (血管网+) Ki-67 (热点区约20%+) (见图2)。结合组织形态及辅助染色结果,诊断为:腺泡状软组织肉瘤(T4N0M0)”。术后给予辅助质子治疗。采用仰卧位,热塑膜固定。放疗剂量为66 CGE,33次。局部出现1度皮肤反应。随访1年,病情稳定。

Figure 2. Postoperative pathology

图2. 术后病理

3. 讨论

ASPS原发部位侵袭性较弱,但具有富含血管的腺泡结构和高度整合的血管网络导致容易出现转移。然而,血管内皮生长因子受体抑制剂并不能治愈该病,可能存在一种未知的血管生成机制 [4] 。ASPA与ASPCCR1和TFE3基因融合相关,该患者免疫组化中TFE3表达阳性,有间接证据表明该基因与血管生成相关,但机制仍不清楚 [5] 。

该病以手术治疗为主,局限期手术后预后较好。然而,达到完全切除或大部分切除不足10% [6] 。完全切除是唯一治愈手段,部分切除后推荐行放射治疗 [7] 。有报道即使出现远处转移,对转移灶切除后仍有获益 [8] 。手术切缘和肿瘤大小是重要的预后因素,R0切除预后明显优于R1和R2切除。肿瘤小于50 mm的患者预后明显好于肿瘤大于50 mm的患者 [9] 。手术也是治疗眼眶ASPS的主要方式,然而,眼眶空间狭窄,局部组织结构复杂,难以达到完全切除。Hei等人报告眼眶ASPS 8例,其中术后放疗6例,其中5例预后良好,随访期间(范围:3~61个月)无局部复发或转移证据 [10] 。由于缺乏改善局部控制和生存率的证据,目前辅助放疗作用尚未达成共识。

该病对化疗不敏感,晚期转移患者或不可切除患者认为不能治愈。靶向治疗如酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Inhibitors)可取得良好反应 [7] 。安罗替尼在治疗晚期软组织肿瘤中获得突破,中位PFS 6.27月,而安慰剂组1.47个月,在ASPS亚组中位PFS达18.23个月(p < 0.0001) [11] 。研究入组患者为18岁及以上患者。培唑帕尼在晚期ASPS中的价值也得到证实,中位PFS为13.6月,而入组患者中无儿童病例 [12] 。目前安罗替尼和培唑帕尼均没有在儿童使用的治疗。欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织(EORTC) II期试验评价了克唑替尼在晚期和转移ASPS患者中的疗效和安全性。40例MET阳性患者中,1例达到部分缓解,35例疾病稳定,1年PFS和OS率为37.5%和97.4%;4例MET阴性患者中,1例达到部分缓解,3例疾病稳定,1年PFS和OS率为50%和75%。克唑替尼对ASPS治疗有效,研究中最低年龄为16岁,无儿童入组病例 [13] 。

目前免疫检查点抑制剂发展迅速,前景广阔,但在软组织肿瘤中数据较少,不同组织类型对免疫治疗的差异较大。目前已探索了多种免疫治疗方法,包括免疫检查点抑制剂、治疗性疫苗和过继细胞疗法。单药免疫治疗已显示出对某些软组织肉瘤亚型的疗效,有研究认为,在ASPS中ORR达到35% [14] [15] 。Hindi等人报道68例可评估的患者中,3例完全缓解和34例部分缓解,总缓解率为54.4% [16] 。度伐利尤单抗联合替西木单抗治疗晚期和转移软组织肉瘤II期试验,12周无进展生存率为49% [17] 。阿替利珠单抗在治疗2岁及以上不可切除或转移的ASPS总缓解率为24%,6个月和12个月的持续缓解率为67%和42%。阿替利珠单抗似乎能成为一种有效的治疗方法 [18] 。免疫治疗在不断探索研究中,单独使用免疫治疗作用有限,联合免疫治疗或与靶向联合使用可能会提高疗效。

眼眶病灶手术是首先方式,完全切除后复发可能较小,手术切缘病理状态对预后非常重要。眼眶周围复杂结构,达到完全切除非常困难 [10] 。本例患者手术部分切除,术后需放射治疗,考虑年龄较小给予质子放疗。质子射线存在物理优势,与传统放疗相比可以降低周围器官剂量,特别是儿童患者,降低射线对生长发育的影响。定位采用全麻下热塑膜固定,每次治疗应用水合氯醛促睡眠,治疗过程顺利。

出现转移是影响预后的主要因素,局限期5年OS为60%~100%,而转移患者5年OS为20%~46%。其他预后因素包括年龄、性别,肿瘤大小、位置和手术切缘 [19] ,该患者需要定期随访观察疗效。

基金项目

淄博市医药卫生科研项目(20230903085)。

参考文献

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

参考文献

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