四种主要饲料植物蛋白原料对彩虹鲷池塘养殖生长性能与品质的影响研究

The Breeding Effects Study of Four Plant-Protein Materials for Red Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus in Pond

摘要: 本实验研究了四种植物蛋白原料鱼塘养殖彩虹鲷效果。24,000尾初始体重约为175g彩虹鲷(Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus)养殖于3口鱼塘中60 d，每口鱼塘均分为4个养殖区养殖4组不同实验组鱼，每实验组设3个平行养殖区，每个养殖区放养2000尾彩虹鲷，水温为28.8℃ + 3.0℃。实验分4组，分别为大豆粕组(实验1组)、菜籽粕组(实验2组)、棉籽粕组(实验3组)和花生粕组(实验4组)。实验表明：(1)大豆粕组、菜籽粕组和花生粕组彩虹鲷成活率明显高于棉籽粕组(P < 0.05)。大豆粕组、菜籽粕组和花生粕组鱼特定生长率和饲料效益明显高于棉籽粕(P < 0.05)。菜籽粕、棉籽粕组和花生粕组鱼其综合养殖效益为大豆粕组的97.13%，78.85%和92.53%；(2)花生粕组和棉籽粕组鱼肠系膜和肝脏中脂肪沉积明显多于菜籽粕和大豆粕组(P < 0.05)，实验各组彩虹鲷肌肉生化组成相似，组间无显著差异；(3)实验各组彩虹鲷多项血液相关生化指标、免疫学指标和组织学检查反映鱼体无毒性损害，仅花生粕组和棉籽粕组少部分鱼肝脏有轻度或中度脂肪变性。实验结果认为，在鱼塘中利用4种植物蛋白原料作为单一日粮蛋白源养殖规模约175 g彩虹鲷60 d后，大豆粕养殖效果最好，菜籽粕和花生粕其次，棉籽粕最差。但使用菜籽粕替代大豆粕可明显提高养殖经济效益，节约饲料成本。在彩虹鲷饲料中大量使用菜籽粕、棉籽粕与花生粕是安全的。

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine the breeding effects of four plant-protein materials for red tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus in Pond. During 60-day period, 24,000 red tilapia with initial mean weight ca. 175 g were divided into four test groups, soybean meal group (test group 1), rapeseed meal group (test group 2), cottonseed meal group (test group 3), peanut meal group (test group 4), and were fed in three ponds. Each pond was divided into four culture zones breed 4 group fish. Each group fish set up three parallel zones and each culture zone ranged 2000 fish. Water temperature was 28˚C ± 3.0˚C. The experimental results indicated that the survival ratios (SR) of fish in soybean meal group, rapeseed meal group and peanut meal group were significantly higher than fish in cottonseed meal group (P < 0.05). The specific growth ratios (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish in soybean meal group, rapeseed meal group or peanut meal group were significantly higher than fish in cottonseed meal group (P < 0.05). However, in comparison with fish at soybean meal group, the breed aquatics efficiency (BAE) of fish at rapeseed meal group, cottonseed meal group and peanut meal group were 97.13%, 78.85% and 92.53%. The ratios of fat deposition in mesentery and liver in fish at peanut meal group or cottonseed group were significantly higher than fish at soybean group and rapeseed meal group (P < 0.05), but the biochemical forms of all test groups were similar (P > 0.05). No toxicity damages were found in fish at the four groups through checking multiple clinic related biochemical indexes of plasma and many histological examinations, and except mild or moderate fat degeneration in some liver examples of fish at peanut meal group and cottonseed meal group. The experimental results showed that in above four plant-protein materials as single diet protein resource in diet fed red tilapia with initial mean weight ca. 175 g after 60 days, the effect of breed aquatics with soybean meal was best, then rapeseed meal and peanut meal, cottonseed meal was worst in pond. Rapeseed meal is optimal plant protein material in replace of soybean meal in the diet of red tilapia. The diets with great deal rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal or peanut meal were safe for red tilapia.