辽河流域典型湿地退化因素研究

Research on Typical Wetlands Degradation Factors in Liao River Basin

摘要: 近些年来，由于自然因素和人为干扰影响，辽河流域湿地退化严重，湿地功能减弱。为了分析辽河流域湿地主要退化影响因素，本文选取辽河流域典型湿地(盘锦湿地、蒲河湿地及莲花湖湿地)为主要研究对象，分别分析了三个典型湿地景观类型变化特征及退化原因。结果表明，盘锦湿地和蒲河湿地景观类型变化特征相似，为草地和建筑用地面积增加，湿地面积减少，耕地面积先增加减少。退化原因不尽相同，盘锦湿地主要影响因素为气温升高和蒸发量增加的气候因子，和建筑用地增加，农业水产养殖业的发展及原油开采的人工干扰；蒲河湿地退化的自然因素为天然水资源严重不足，人为干扰主要包括蒲河流域点、面、源的污染，蒲河上游蓄水工程的建设以及蒲河两岸垃圾堆放等。莲花湖湿地，草地和建筑用地面积明显增加，而耕地面积逐年减少，湿地和林地均先减少后增加。其退化的主要影响因素为水源补给河流受影响，如凡河等水质污染严重，经济的发展和铁岭新城区的建设。

Abstract: In recent years, wetland degradation in the Liaohe River basin is serious and the wetland function is weakened due to the natural and human factors. In order to analyze the main factors affecting wetlands, the typical wetlands (Panjin wetland, Puhe wetland and Lianhua Lake wetland) in Liaohe River basin were selected and analyzed the characteristics of three types of typical wetland landscape and the causes of degradation. The results show that the variation of landscape characteristics of Panjin wetland and Puhe wetland are similar, which are showed as the area of grassland and construction land increased, the area of wetland decreased and the area of cultivated land increased firstly and then decreased. The main factors affecting Panjin wetland are the climatic factors, such as the increase of temperature and evaporation, and human disturbance including the increase of construction land, the development of agricultural aquaculture and the crude oil exploitation. The natural factors of Puhe wetland degradation are serious shortage of resources of natural water, human disturbance, including point, surface and source pollution of Puhe River Basin, Puhe River upstream water conservancy construction and the Puhe River rubbish and so on. As for Lianhua lake wetland, grassland and construction land area increased significantly, while the cultivated land area decreased year by year and wetland and woodland are reduced after increasing. The main influencing factors of degradation are serious water pollution of supplying river such as Fan River, economic development and Tieling new city construction.