化工安全评价的剖析与初探

Analysis and Exploration of Safety Evaluation in Chemical Industry

摘要: 安全问题一直是制约化工发展的重要因素，为了从根本上阻止化工安全事故的发生，就必须对化学工业进行安全评价。化工安全评价是一个复杂、严谨的过程，为了使人们能够清晰地理解安全评价，并且准确地选择、运用安全评价方法，本文筛选出七种在化工领域广泛应用的安全评价方法，并对其进行详细的分析与总结：1) 将其分为定性、定量和混合评价法三类，全面地总结其优缺点、适用范围，并结合安全评价方法选择的五项原则对这些方法的选择进行了详细的阐述；2) 对安全评价过程进行详细地剖析，并将这七种安全评价方法在评价过程中发挥的作用进行明确地表述，以促进对安全评价方法的运用。在基础上，本文收集并选取了2010~2016年发生在我国的121例典型化工事故，并对事故原因(即危险源)及比重进行详细地分析与统计，结果发现：违章操作、设备故障、工艺缺陷、意外因素、管理漏洞是化学工业安全事故的五大危险源，将这五类危险源作为七种安全评价方法的评价对象，对其进行具体地应用划分，以加深对化工安全评价的认识。

Abstract: Security issues have been an important factor which restricts the development of chemical industry. In order to fundamentally prevent the occurrence of chemical industry safety accidents, it is necessary to carry out safety evaluation of the chemical industry. Chemical industry safety evaluation is a complex and rigorous process, in order to enable people to clearly understand the safety evaluation, accurately choose and use safety evaluation methods, this paper selects seven safety evaluation methods widely used in chemical industry, and analyzes and summarizes them in detail: 1) they are classified into three categories: qualitative, quantitative and hybrid methods, and their advantages, disadvantages and application scope are summarized comprehensively. And the selection of these methods is elaborated in combination with the five principles of safety evaluation; 2) the safety evaluation process is analyzed in detail and the roles of the seven safety evaluation methods in the evaluation process are clearly expressed to promote the application of the safety evaluation method. On the basis of the above, this paper collects and selects 121 typical chemical accidents in China from 2010 to 2016, and analyzes and summarizes the accident causes (hazard sources) and the proportion. The results showed that the illegal operation, equipment failure, defects of process defects, accidental factors and management loopholes are the five dangerous sources of chemical industry safety accidents. These five types of hazard sources are used as the evaluation objects of seven safety evaluation methods, and their application is divided into three parts to deepen the understanding of chemical safety evaluation.