乳腺导管内乳头状瘤早期管理
Management of Early Breast Intraductal Papilloma
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.1291236, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 213  浏览: 733 
作者: 李 童:滨州医学院,山东 滨州;李 良*:淄博市中心医院,山东 淄博
关键词: 乳腺导管内乳头状瘤超声超声下细针穿刺组织学检查麦默通微创旋切系统Intraductal Papillomas Ultrasound Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy The Mammotome System
摘要: 随着超声检查和乳腺穿刺组织学检查在乳腺诊疗中日渐普及,对于BI-RADS-3类乳腺肿物中具有潜在恶性风险的病变,早期的识别,早期干预显得尤为重要。其中导管内乳头状瘤(Intraductal papillomas, IPs)是这组疾病中常见的病理类型。随其组织学表现为良性,但IPs具有潜在恶性,并且实际诊疗中易低估其进展为乳腺恶性肿瘤的风险。本文总结、分析了当前文献中对于IPs早期诊断及管理的共识与争议。事实表明,并不一定要向所有IPs患者推荐开放性手术。因此,乳腺外科医生,对于患者的早期识别诊断,对患者的分类管理至关重要。
Abstract: With the popularity of ultrasound and mammary gland puncture biopsy in breast diagnosis and treatment, for BI-RADS-3 kinds of breast neoplasm with the risk of potentially malignant lesions, early identification and early intervention are important. Intraductal papillomas (IPs) are the common pathological types of the group of diseases. With the histological expression it is benign, but IPs are potentially malignant, and it is easy to underestimate the actual diagnosis and treat-ment to the risk of breast malignant tumors. This article summarizes and analyzes the consensus and controversy in current literature for early diagnosis and management of IPs. In fact, does not have to recommend open surgery to all patients with IPs. Therefore, breast surgeon, for early iden-tification of patients with diagnosis, classification management of patients is very important.
文章引用:李童, 李良. 乳腺导管内乳头状瘤早期管理[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(9): 8559-8562. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.1291236

1. 介绍

乳腺导管内乳头状瘤(Intraductal papillomas, IPs)是起源于乳腺导管上皮的良性肿瘤,约占乳腺所有良性肿瘤的10%。 [1] 中央性IPs可占近90%,常起源于乳晕区输乳管壶腹部的大导管,多见于老年女性,主要临床表现为血性或浆液性乳头溢液,少数伴非典型增生,因此不会显著增加乳腺癌的发展风险。 [2] 周围性IPs通常发生于年轻女性,好发于乳腺中,小导管,可能表现为可触及的肿物,但多数临床表现不明显。 [3] 多在预防性筛查中被诊断,通常伴有非典型增生,如非典型导管增生(Atypia ductal hyperplasia, ADH)、非典型小叶增生(Atypia lobular hyperplasia, ALH),甚至导管原位癌(Ductal carcinoma in situ, DCIS),显著增加发生浸润性乳腺癌的发生风险。 [4] 由于IPs的潜在恶性,已被列入“癌前病变”,故对IPs的早期管理,即对其早期识别、干预,降低恶性进展风险显得尤为重要。 [5] 再过去的一个世纪里,对IPs患者的管理观念已经发生根本性变化。最初,临床中发现血性溢液,是乳房切除的直接指征。随后几年里,对于疑似IPs患者,建议进行乳腺象限切除或病变乳管切除。当今,诊断技术发展,手术微创化,开放性手术不应推荐给所有IPs患者,应对IPs患者进行早期识别,分类管理。

2. 导管内乳头状瘤初筛:超声及病理诊断

乳腺导管内乳头状瘤在高频超声检查中的声像图特点,最常见的是局限性的乳腺导管扩张,导管可呈管状或囊状扩张,扩张导管伴随乳头状的实性低回声结节。由于导管型乳腺癌与乳腺导管内乳头状癌存在一定的超声重叠现象,其在彩超下鉴别诊断较为困难。 [6]

就病理学而言,乳腺良性乳头状病变,在结构上与低级别乳头状导管内原位癌(DCIS)、实性乳头状癌等恶性病变相似,需使用免疫组化技术进行鉴别诊断。 [7] [8] 在对乳腺导管内病变进行早期穿刺组织学检查时,由于乳头状病变的显著异质性,不仅对超声大夫穿刺技术提出较高要求,而且细针穿刺组织学检查在应用乳腺导管内病变检查时较高的假阴性率,使IPs难以在手术切除之前取得较为满意的辅助参考结果。相反,麦默通微创旋切系统不仅可以精确定位病变位置,并且一次手术可以产生近乎无限数量标本。从组织体积上看,麦默通微创旋切系统比细针穿刺组织学检查更接近外科手术活检,其诊断准确率达到98%~100%, [9] 缺点是采样组织的碎片化无法进行切除边缘的组织学评估。

3. 导管内乳头状瘤进一步活检诊断

导管内乳头状瘤需要规范的早期管理。首先,需要评估穿刺病理样本的代表性,然后分析其临床–病理的相关性。这意味着需要对穿刺病理样本进行重新分析,以验证最终诊断结果是否符合早期影像学检查结果。如有疑问,需再次活检或手术切除。在对活检样本重新分析过程中,由于标本采集方式的不同,当前文献资料显示,超声引导下细针穿刺组织学检查判断不伴异型增生的IPs,乳腺癌的低估率为2.3%~16%, [10] [11] 当IPs合并非典型增生时,乳腺癌的低估率增加到13%~92%。因此大多数临床医生倾向于局部根治性切除, [12] 即采用麦默通微创旋切术或开放式手术切除。麦默通微创旋切系统切取活检样本假阴性率明显偏低,不伴非典型增生的IPs假阴性率为0%~2.6%, [13] [14] 伴非典型增生的IPs假阴性率为9%~21%。 [15] [16] Shamonki J et al. 报告了51例术前穿刺病理提示无异型增生IPs,术后病理显示,11.7% (6/51)伴非典型增生、DCIS或进展为浸润癌。 [17] 结果表明在早期诊断中取得更多数量或更大体积的样本组织,可提高疾病诊断价值。因此在早期取得合适组织进行病理诊断时,麦默通微创旋切系统相比传统的细针穿刺更具优势。

4. 导管内乳头状瘤的分类管理,早期治疗

导管内乳头状瘤因为它具有进展为乳腺癌的潜在风险,同时IPs伴异型性增生更增加了导管内原位癌或浸润性乳腺癌的可能性。导管内乳头状瘤的治疗一直存在争议。一些人主张即使穿刺病理结果提示良性肿物,仍建议手术切除所有病变;而另一些人主张只有在穿刺病理结果提示IPs伴非典型增生或恶性时,手术切除完整病变组织。根据文献资料,对穿刺病理学提示IPs,需要进行手术切除,术后病理提示其中大量IPs伴非典型增生或进展为恶性肿瘤。关于IPs进展为乳腺癌的诸多研究数据差异较大。Mercado CL et al.等人的调查数据显示,约72%的病例术后病理最终诊断为良性IPs,约14%伴非典型导管增生(Atypia ductal hyperplasia, ADH)、非典型小叶增生(Atypia lobular hyperplasia, ALH)或小叶原位癌(Lobular carcinoma in situ, LCIS),约13% IPs已进展为DCIS或浸润性癌。 [18] Wen X et al.最近的一项Meta分析,包含34项研究,在其中2236例术前穿刺病理学提示良性并且不伴非典型增生的IPs患者,术后病理提示,7%~36.9%伴随非典型增生,15.7%的患者进展为恶性肿瘤。 [19] 因此由于IPs恶变具有较高的低估率,对于穿刺病例确诊的IPs伴非典型增生患者早期切除的支持证据较为充分,并进行持续的随访。对于穿刺诊断不伴非典型增生的IPs,Nayak A et al.一项研究纳入了230例无症状良性IPs。144名女性接受手术治疗,其中86人接受麦默通微创旋切术,所有手术患者术后接受了至少12个月随访。86例麦默通微创旋切术患者,平均随访时间26.3 ± 10.3个月(平均12~46个月),同一象限未发现恶性肿瘤。 [20] 对于穿刺不伴IPs患者建议行麦默通微创旋切术,将病变组织切除进一步降低其恶变风险,并进行持续的随访。

5. 讨论

综合当前文献,在病理学诊断结果与影像学资料达成一致的情况下,对IPs患者规范的早期管理是决定性的。由于导管内乳头状瘤的潜在恶性,临床上对于病史及影像学资料怀疑IPs伴非典型增生患者,应立即手术切除。现阶段开放性手术切除和麦默通微创旋切术,两种方法都有很高的可靠性,即使麦默通微创旋切系统切取样本无法对切缘进行组织学评估,但是其低侵袭性是不可否认的优势。对于术后以及不伴非典型增生的IPs患者每年的超声随访,至关重要,不仅是因为复发风险,也是因其进展为乳腺癌的潜在风险。众多病例文献资料表示,早期对IPs的规范干预管理降低了患者罹患乳腺癌的风险。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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