胰十二指肠切除术标准与扩大淋巴结清扫疗效对比的Meta分析
Comparison of Standard and Extended Lymph Node Dissection in Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Meta-Analysis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13122879, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 49  浏览: 105 
作者: 陈 庆, 刘 畅, 王槐志*:重庆医科大学,重庆;中国科学院重庆绿色智能技术研究院,重庆;中国科学院大学重庆学院,重庆;重庆市人民医院肝胆胰腺外科,重庆
关键词: 胰十二指肠切除术淋巴结清扫R0切除率术后生存期Pancreaticoduodenectomy Lymphadenectomy R0 Resection Rate Postoperative Survival Time
摘要: 目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除术中行标准清扫淋巴结与扩大淋巴结清扫的安全性与有效性。方法:检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、SinoMed、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库的临床随机对照研究,检索时间为建库时间至2023年4月1日,使用RevMan 5.4.1软件进行统计分析。结果:共计7篇文献、827例患者纳入分析,Meta分析提示EPD组较之于SPD组手术切缘阴性率更高(OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.38~0.89, P = 0.01)、淋巴结清扫数量更多(WMD: −10.13, 95% CI: −12.98~−7.28, P < 0.0001)、手术时间更长(WMD: −46.11, 95% CI: −69.54~−22.69, P = 0.0001),两组在术中出血量、术中输血量、术后住院时长、5年生存期、无病生存期、术后并发症发生率、术后死亡率方面差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。结论:EPD组在术后5年生存期、死亡率、术后并发症、无病生存期等与SPD组差异无统计学意义,EPD手术时间更长,可以认为EPD较之于SPD无明显优势,不建议常规行EPD。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of standard lymphadenectomy and extended lym-phadenectomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Si-noMed, CNKI, Wanfang database, and VIP database were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from the establishment of the database to April 1, 2023. RevMan 5.4.1 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 7 articles with 827 patients were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis showed that EPD group had a higher rate of negative surgical margins (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.38~0.89, P = 0.01) and more lymph nodes retrieved (WMD: −10.13, 95% CI: −12.98~−7.28, P = 0.0001), longer operation time (WMD: −46.11, 95% CI: −69.54~ −22.69, P = 0.0001). There were no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative blood transfusion, length of postoperative hospital stay, 5-year survival, disease-free survival, postopera-tive complications, and postoperative mortality between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: There were no significant differences in 5-year survival, mortality, postoperative complications and disease-free survival between the two groups, but the operation time of EPD was longer. EPD has no obvious advantage over SPD, and it is not recommended to perform EPD routine operation.
文章引用:陈庆, 刘畅, 王槐志. 胰十二指肠切除术标准与扩大淋巴结清扫疗效对比的Meta分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(12): 20456-20470. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13122879

1. 引言

胰腺癌是恶性程度非常高,在美国,其死亡率已经超过乳腺癌成为癌症相关死亡的第三大原因。由于胰腺癌具有高侵袭性、高转移性、高复发性等特征,其预后极差,5年总体生存率仅有12% [1] 。手术切除仍然是胰腺癌的首选治疗方式。

Whipple等人提出的胰十二指肠切除术(Pancreaticoduodenectomy, PD)是治疗胰腺癌的经典手术方式。Fortner [2] 于1973年提出了区域性胰十二指肠切除理论,相较于传统Whipple手术,该手术方式更广,包括了胰腺周围组织淋巴结、血管旁及后腹膜淋巴结的清扫以达到根治性切除的目的并在随后广泛使用。在20世纪80年代,日本学者的回顾性研究认为扩大淋巴结的清扫范围能够使患者的术后生存期延长 [3] [4] ,因此推荐行扩大清扫淋巴结的胰十二指肠切除术。然而,随后的前瞻性随机对照试验认为扩大淋巴结清扫并不能增加患者的总体生存率 [5] [6] ,而且可能会增加术后并发症的发生率 [7] - [12] 。因此,关于胰十二指肠切除术是否行扩大淋巴结清扫仍然存在争议。因此,本研究针对上述问题检索已发表的随机对照试验进行Meta分析,探讨胰十二指肠切除术标准清扫淋巴结与扩大清扫淋巴结的疗效差异,为制定最佳临床决策提供依据。

2. 资料方法

2.1. 文献检索策略

检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、SinoMed、中国知网、万方、维普电子数据库,检索时间为建库至2023年4月1日。使用“主题 + 自由词”方式检索。英文检索词为:“Pancreatic Cancer、Pancreaticoduodenectomy、Lymphadenectomy”。中文检索词为:“胰腺癌”、“胰十二指肠切除术”、“淋巴结清扫”。检索过程中无语言限制。

2.2. 研究资料的纳入及排除标准

纳入标准:1) 研究类型为临床随机对照试验(Randomized Controlled Trial, RCT);2) 研究对象为胰腺癌患者,主要为胰头癌患者;3) 手术方式均为胰十二指肠切除术并且行SPD或EPD。排除标准:1) 综述、个案报道、回顾性分析、动物试验等非随机对照研究;2) 研究对象非胰腺癌患者,如壶腹部癌;3) 信息不全或无法获取,重复报告等。

2.3. 数据提取

由2名研究者独立检索相关文献,使用EndNote X9软件排除重复文献,通过阅读题目及摘要,根据纳入及排除标准,初步排除不符合纳入标准的文献。对可能符合要求的文献,获取全文后进行进一步评估。文献数据提取信息包括:1) 一般信息:文献作者、题目、年份、单位、国家;2) 研究特征:患者一般特征,包括平均年龄、性别、随访时间;3) 临床病理特征:肿瘤大小、淋巴结阳性率;4) 手术特征:手术方式、淋巴结清扫范围、淋巴结切除个数、手术时间、术中出血、肿瘤切缘状态;5) 术后结局:生存率、术后并发症、术后住院时间,术后死亡人数等。

2.4. 文献质量评价

2名研究人员独立采用Cochrane协作网推荐的偏倚风险评估工具进行偏倚风险评估,包括以下7项:1) 随机序列产生;2) 分配隐藏;3) 研究人员与受试者盲法;4) 结局评估盲法;5) 不全结局数据;6) 选择性报告;7) 其他偏倚。每项包含:Low Risk of Bias (低风险)、Unclear Risk of Bias (风险不明)、High Risk of Bias (高风险) 3个等级。评价过程中如果出现分歧,则通过讨论或请第三位作者协商解决。

2.5. 统计学方法

采用Review Manager 5.4统计软件进行Meta分析。计数资料采用比值比(Odds Ratio, OR)作为效应指标,计量资料则用均数差(Mean Difference, MD)作为效应指标。生存分析则采用风险比(Hazard Ratio, HR)作为效应指标,由于HR值无法在文献中直接获取,故我们采用Tierney [13] 等人提供的方法,通过提取文献内提供的生存曲线(Kaplan-Meier Curves)数据计算HR值及其标准误再进行Meta分析。各研究间异质性以I2衡量,I2 < 50%,表明各研究间异质性较小,采用固定效应模型,I2 ≥ 50%表明异质性过大,采用随机效应模型。各研究间异质性过大或无法判断异质性来源时,仅做描述性分析。P ≤ 0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 文献纳入

共检索获得文献1896篇,其中PubMed数据库462篇,Embase数据库1063篇,Cochrane Library 68篇,SinoMed79篇,中国知网102篇,万方数据库99篇,维普数据库23篇。通过查重、阅读标题、摘要剔除1879篇,剩下的17篇文献中,剔除非RCT文献2篇 [14] [15] ,剔除非胰腺癌2篇 [16] [17] ,剔除数据不全的早期文献2篇 [18] [19] 。其中,有3篇文献 [8] [20] [21] 是来自美国约翰霍普金斯大学的同一项研究的不同阶段报告,2篇 [5] [22] 是来自于韩国的同一项研究的不同阶段报告,故最终将他们视作2篇文献纳入,最终纳入7篇RCT文献,共827例患者,其中行标准淋巴结清扫术(Standard Pancreaticoduodenectomy, SPD)患者409例,行扩大淋巴结清扫术(Extended Pancreaticoduodenectomy, EPD)患者418例,文献检索流程见图1

Figure 1. Study selection process

图1. 文献检索流程图

3.2. 纳入文献偏倚风险评估

根据Cochrane手册推荐的偏倚风险评估量表对纳入文献研究进行风险偏倚评估。在随机方法方面,4篇文献 [5] [7] [8] [12] 报告了随机序列产生方法,故为低风险,其余文献风险不明。在分配隐藏上,3篇文献 [5] [10] [12] 对分配隐藏方案进行了报道,为低风险,其余研究风险不明。在研究者与受试者双盲的评估上,所有研究均未报告双盲,故为高风险。在结局评估盲法上面,2篇文献 [5] [10] 为低风险,其余为高风险;在不全数据结局上,5篇文献 [5] [7] [8] [9] [12] 无数据缺失为低风险,余为高风险。在选择性报告上,所有文献均未提及,风险不明。所有研究无其他偏倚(见图2图3)。

Figure 2. Bias assessment

图2. 偏倚风险图

Figure 3. details of bias assessment

图3. 风险评估详情

3.3. Meta分析结果

共纳入7篇RCT文献,827例患者,其中SPD组患者409例,EPD组患者418例,纳入文献的一般特征见表1,其中,Raill等人 [8] 的研究包含壶腹部周围癌患者,我们从中提取胰腺癌的相关数据,两组在病理学和人口统计学可比。

Table 1. Characteristic of included literatures

表1. 纳入文献一般特征

注:Raill等人的研究包含壶腹部周围癌患者,其中括号内的为胰腺癌患者。RCT:randomized controlled trial;NR:not reported。

3.4. 手术特征及住院时长

手术及住院相关数据见表2表3,Meta分析提示:EPD组手术时间更长(WMD: −46.11, 95% CI: −69.54~−22.69, P < 0.00001),淋巴结清扫数量更多(WMD: −10.13, 95% CI: −12.98~−7.28, P < 0.0001),两组差异有统计学意义,二组在术中出血量、术中输血量、住院时长等方面差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (见图4图5)。

Table 2. Operation characteristics

表2. 手术特征

NR: not reported.

Table 3. Complications and length of hospital stay

表3. 并发症和住院时长

NR: not reported.

Figure 4. Forest plots of surgical characteristics in the SPD and EPD groups

图4. SPD组与EPD组手术特征对比的森林图

Figure 5. Forest plot of length of hospital stay between SPD and EPD groups

图5. SPD组与EPD组住院时长对比的森林图

3.5. 术后5年生存期

所有研究均以Kaplan-Meier曲线形式呈现生存数据,827例患者剔除术后死亡及失访等24例患者后剩余803例患者,其中SPD组400例,EPD组403例患者。Meta分析结果显示(见图6):SPD组与EPD组在术后5年生存期上差异无统计学意义(HR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.80~1.13, P = 0.57)。考虑到患者淋巴结转移情况与术后辅助治疗情况可能对患者生存期产生影响,我们为此进行了亚组分析(见图7)。

Figure 6. Forest plot of postoperative 5-year survival between SPD group and EPD group

图6. SPD组与EPD组术后5年生存期对比森林图

Figure 7. Forest plots for subgroup analysis of postoperative survival in SPD group and EPD group

图7. SPD组与EPD组术后生存期亚组分析森林图

3.5.1. 淋巴结病检亚组

共5项研究报道患者术后淋巴结病检数据。淋巴结阳性396例患者,SPD组200例,EPD组196例,淋巴结阴性患者187例,SPD组92例,EPD组95例。Meta分析结果显示:在术后淋巴结病检阳性患者生存期(HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.69~1.47, P = 0.97)、术后淋巴结病检阴性患生存期(HR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.55~1.78, P = 0.98)上,两组差异无统计学意义(见图7)。

3.5.2. 术后无辅助治疗亚组

共4项研究报道术后无辅助治疗患者生存期数据,共279例患者,SPD组138例,EPD组141例。Meta分析结果显示:两组生存期差异无统计学意义(HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.80~1.43, P = 0.63) (见图7)。

3.6. 无病生存期

3个研究报道患者无病生存期数据,共437例患者,SPD组215例,EPD组222例,Meta分析结果(见图8)显示:SPD组与EPD组无病生存期无统计学意义(HR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.66~1.05, P = 0.11)。

Figure 8. Forest plots of disease-free survival between SPD and EPD groups

图8. SPD组与EPD组无病生存期的森林图

3.7. 术后并发症

术后并发症数据详见表3,Meta分析结果显示:两组在总体并发症(OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.67~1.22, P = 0.52)和胰瘘(OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.47~1.23, P = 0.27)、腹腔感染(OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.40~1.19, P = 0.18)、术后出血(OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.31~1.88, P = 0.55)、胃排空障碍(OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.37~1.10, P = 0.10)等主要并发症方面(见图9图10),两组差异无统计学意义。

Figure 9. Forest plots of overall postoperative complication rates between SPD group and EPD group

图9. SPD组与EPD组术后总体并发症发生率森林图

3.8. 术后死亡率

死亡相关数据详见表3,Meta分析结果显示(见图11):两组在术后死亡率的差异上无统计学意义(OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.24~1.38, P = 0.21)。

Figure 10. Forest plots of the incidence of major postoperative complications in the SPD and EPD groups

图10. SPD组与EPD组术后主要并发症发生率森林图

Figure 11. Forest plot of total postoperative mortality between SPD and EPD groups

图11. SPD组与EPD组总术后死亡率的森林图

3.9. 手术切缘

手术切缘数据见表2,在手术切缘阴性(R0切除)上,Meta分析结果(见图12)显示:EPD组切缘阴性率更高,二组差异具有统计学意义(OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.38~0.89, P = 0.01)。

Figure 12. Forest plots of surgical margins in the SPD and EPD groups

图12. SPD组与EPD组手术切缘的森林图

4. 讨论

胰腺癌恶性程度高,胰十二指肠切除术是胰腺癌的经典手术方式,但在清扫淋巴结范围的问题上还存在争议。上世纪80年代,日本学者的回顾性研究发现行扩大清扫淋巴结的胰十二指肠切除术能提高患者的生存率 [3] [4] ,推荐行扩大清扫淋巴结的胰十二指肠切除术。我们Meta结果则表明SPD组与EPD组在术后5年生存期上的差异无统计学意义(P = 0.57)。Pedrazzoli等人 [7] 的随机对照试验发现,在淋巴结病检阳性亚组中,EPD组较SPD组生存时间更长,二组差异有统计学意义,而我们的Meta分析结果并未发现淋巴结阳性患者生存率有明显的差异(P = 0.97),同时,我们对淋巴结病检阴性的患者的生存数据进行分析,两者生存率同样无统计学意义。术后辅助治疗可以提高胰腺癌患者的生存率 [23] [24] [25] ,为了避免其对结果的影响,我们选择对未进行术后辅助治疗的研究进行合并分析,Meta分析的结果表明,两组的生存期差异无统计学意义。无病生存期是预后的重要标志,在无病生存期方面,EPD组较之于SPD组,两组的差异同样无统计学意义。因此在术后生存期上,我们认为扩大清扫淋巴结并不能使患者获益。

Riall等人 [8] [20] [21] 的研究表明,EPD组在术后胃排空障碍发生率显著高于SPD组,一项Meta分析 [26] 结果也支持这个结论,但更多的随机对照试验 [10] [12] [22] 和Orci [27] 、Kotb [28] 等人的Meta分析结果则表明两组差异无统计学意义,我们的Meta分析结果也表明两组差异无统计学意义。值得注意的是,在Rial等人的研究中,EPD组行远端胃大部切除术的胰十二指肠切除术,SPD组则行保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术。我们进一步探讨保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术是否会影响患者术后胃排空障碍发生率,Hüttner等人 [29] 的Meta分析表明,保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术在胃排空障碍发生率要小于传统胰十二指肠切除术,但Zhou等人 [30] Meta分析结论则与之相反,Busquets等人 [31] 的随机对照试验则表明二者差异无统计学意义,不同研究结论不同,故需更多的高质量临床研究来证实不同手术方式对术后胃排空的影响。在术后死亡率和总体并发症、术后胰瘘、腹腔感染、术后出血等主要并发症方面我们的Meta分析结果显示两组差异并无统计学意义。

适当的淋巴结切除有助于控制肿瘤的进展及作为肿瘤分级的依据 [32] [33] ,同时,手术切缘阴性(R0切除)患者术后生存期更长且术后复发率更低 [34] [35] [36] 。我们的Meta分析表明较之于SPD组,EPD组R0切除率更高,EPD组淋巴结清扫数量更多,这与Riall等人 [8] 的临床研究结论相同,但更多的随机对照试验 [11] [12] [22] 和Meta分析 [37] 并不支持这一结论,我们考虑EPD组R0切除率更高可能与Riall等人的研究采用的保留幽门的手术方式有关,但相关研究 [29] 证实保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术并不影响R0切除率,排除Raill等人的研究,两组差异则无统计学意义(P = 0.19),故我们EPD组R0切除率更高的结果持保留意见。关于扩大清扫淋巴结和标准清扫淋巴结组是否对手术切缘产生影响,需要更多的临床研究来证实。术中淋巴结的具体清扫个数也存在争议 [38] ,Huang等人的队列研究 [32] 表明最佳清扫数目为19个,而Zhang等人的最新一项研究 [39] 表示清除大于16个淋巴结能显著提高患者的生存期。同时,淋巴结的清扫个数受手术方法的影响严重,如日本外科医生和病理学家共同合作以识别每个站的淋巴结,结果显示,日本方法比传统方法回收的淋巴结明显更多 [40] 。因此,关于淋巴结的具体清扫个数,未来需要更多的临床研究与更科学的识别方法来证实。

EPD组手术时间长,相应术中麻醉时长延长则会给患者带来额外的经济负担 [41] 。我们探讨了EPD组手术时间长的原因,除了本身手术范围更广、操作步骤更为复杂外,还可能与不同地区医师操作熟练程度、采用不同的解剖入路有关。相关研究证实,外科医师手术量越多,其术中出血量与手术时长相应降低 [42] ,另有研究显示相较于标准入路,动脉先行入路手术时间更短 [43] ,可以显著降低患者术后出血量及术后并发症发生率 [44] 。

本研究存尚在以下不足之处,解读结果需谨慎:1) 本研究纳入的研究虽然为证据级别较高的随机对照试验,但研究数量少,仅有7项研究,样本量827例,纳入研究集中在手术量较少的西方国家,未能真正反映在世界范围内的真实水平;2) 研究质量并未达到理想水平,仅3项研究实行了分配隐藏、所有的研究均未实行双盲,部分研究数据不全、随机化方法不明等,这些可能导致偏倚的产生;3) 不同的中心医师水平不一、手术方式及淋巴结清扫范围的不同导致临床异质性较大。

综上,考虑到EPD在术后5年生存期、死亡率、术后并发症发生率、无病生存期等与SPD差异无统计学意义而EPD手术时间更长,故我们不建议常规行EPD。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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