溃疡性结肠炎与饮食模式
Ulcerative Colitis and Dietary Patterns
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141036, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 79  浏览: 122 
作者: 潘慧悦, 姚 萍*:新疆医科大学第一附属医院消化内一科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 溃疡性结肠炎饮食模式治疗Ulcerative Colitis Dietary Patterns Treatment
摘要: 溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)是一种直肠和结肠慢性非特异性炎症性疾病。主要临床表现为腹泻、黏液脓血便、腹痛等,特点是发作和缓解交替进行。近年UC的患病率在我国上升。单纯药物治疗有时难以控制病情,且存在副作用及费用高等问题。饮食可作为一个控制病情,维持缓解期的一个重要辅助手段。目前有许多饮食干预方法应用于UC患者的治疗中,本文将对关于UC的饮食干预治疗方法的研究进展进行综述,为UC的治疗提供新的思路。
Abstract: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory disease of the rectum and colon. The main clinical manifestations are diarrhea, mucopurulent, bloody stools, and abdominal pain, which characterized by alternating episodes and remissions. The prevalence of UC has risen in our country in recent years. Medication alone is sometimes difficult to control and is associated with side effects and high costs. Diet can be an important adjunct in controlling the disease and maintaining remis-sion. There are many dietary interventions applied in the treatment of patients with UC. This article will review the progress of research on dietary intervention treatments for UC to provide new ideas for the treatment of UC.
文章引用:潘慧悦, 姚萍. 溃疡性结肠炎与饮食模式[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 247-255. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141036

1. 前言

溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)属于炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)一种 [1] 。UC是一种无法治愈的、弥漫性的、慢性的结肠黏膜炎症性疾病,可引起腹泻、粘液脓性血便、腹痛和营养不良,其特点是发作和缓解交替进行 [2] [3] 。一般来说,遗传、免疫和环境因素可能参与了UC的发病机制 [4] 。近年来,IBD患病率不断上升,目前美国人群中约1.3% (300万人)患有IBD,欧洲约有250~300万人患有IBD [5] ,亚太地区IBD发病率呈快速增长的趋势,目前亚太地区IBD年发病率最高的国家是印度,为9.31/10万人,其次是中国,为3.64/10万人 [6] 。这可能是由于生活方式的西方化造成的,西方饮食模式的特点是高动物蛋白、乳制品、高脂肪、高小麦和加工食品的饮食。在动物模型中,以大量摄入脂肪、糖、红肉和加工食品为特征的西方饮食已被证明会促进微生物生态失调和肠道炎症 [7] [8] ,并与IBD风险增加有关 [9] [10] 。将高脂肪饮食小鼠的肠道微生物群移植到无菌小鼠中会导致炎症通路的刺激增加 [11] 。摄入高水平的精制糖与人体全身细胞因子谱和炎症张力的增加有关 [12] 。有研究表明小鼠的标准饮食或高纤维饮食会对其结肠健康产生积极影响,而高脂肪高蛋白饮食则会对结肠健康产生消极影响 [13] 。目前溃疡性结肠炎的治疗,大多数患者的治疗选择是美沙拉嗪,部分患者在美沙拉嗪的基础上加入氨基水杨酸灌肠剂,对于严重UC发作的患者,也可应用全身性皮质类胆固醇。当这些药物不起作用时,生物或免疫抑制剂药物为UC患者提供另一种治疗选择,当药物治疗失败或出现严重并发症时手术是UC的最终治疗方法 [14] [15] 。虽然药物可以暂时缓解疾病活动,但许多患者认为药物不足以控制病情或长期维持疾病的缓解期,此外药物的副作用及费用也不可被忽略 [15] ;其次手术的风险及创伤较大。饮食可作为一个控制病情,维持缓解期的一个重要辅助手段。IBD患者表现出微生物群失调,而饮食,尤其是膳食纤维,可以调节微生物群的组成 [16] 。低脂肪、高纤维饮食可减少溃疡性结肠炎患者的炎症和生物失调标志物,提高生活质量 [17] 。目前有许多饮食干预方法应用于UC病人的治疗中,本文将对关于UC的饮食干预治疗方法的研究进展进行综述。

2. 不同饮食的概述

2.1. IgG引导的排斥性饮食

IgG引导的排斥性饮食是指饮食中避免可使机体IgG升高的食物。有研究提出UC与肠道抗原和宿主免疫之间的相互作用有关 [18] [19] 。当某些消化酶缺乏时,难以将食物消化成小分子,如葡萄糖、氨基酸和甘油。未消化的食物成分会被免疫系统识别为外来物质,导致与粘膜免疫系统、上皮功能和肠道微生物组发生反应 [20] 。这些反应可能导致食物不耐受。食物不耐受是对某些食物抗原的延迟甚至无症状的免疫反应。它是由免疫球蛋白G (IgG)介导的,是一种Ig介导的即时免疫反应。一项回顾性研究报道,炎症性肠病(IBD)患者对特定食物过敏原的IgG抗体水平高于健康人,该小组推测血清IgG水平可能与疾病状态有关 [21] 。另一项前瞻性研究表明,对97例UC患者进行为期6个月的饮食干预,随机分为干预组和对照组。根据IgG滴度为干预组制定个体饮食计划,对照组与正常饮食一样。结果显示,70.10%的参与者检测到食物特异性IgG抗体。干预后,干预组Mayo评分及肠外症状均明显好于对照组,且干预组生活质量明显提高 [22] 。这些研究表明,坚持以IgG为基础的排除性饮食可有效改善UC患者的症状,提高生活质量。

2.2. 自身免疫方案(AIP)饮食

自身免疫饮食(autoimmune protocol diet, AIP)是一种改良的旧石器时代饮食。AIP饮食包括消除阶段和维持阶段,在最初阶段消除食物类别,包括谷物、豆类、茄类、乳制品、鸡蛋、咖啡、酒精、坚果和种子、精制/加工糖、油和食品添加剂。然后进入维持阶段维持一段时间 [23] [24] 。基本原理是避免食用可引起肠道炎症、生态失调及肠道症状的食物、添加剂或药物(如非甾体类抗炎药)。同时还强调食用新鲜、营养丰富的食物 [7] [23] [25] [26] 。一项前瞻性观察研究表明,AIP饮食对活动性IBD患者有疗效。该研究共纳入15名患者,其中9名患有CD,6名患有UC,对参与者进行了自身免疫饮食指导,结果发现,在这一小部分患者中,他们的临床症状和生活质量评分有所改善,73%的患者在6周内达到临床缓解,15例患者中11例在维持期均保持缓解 [27] 。针对上述研究有一定证据表明AIP饮食与对UC的活动有疗效,但还需大样本,多中心的相关研究进一步验证。

2.3. 特定碳水化合物饮食(SCD饮食)

特定碳水化合物饮食法(specific carbohydrate diet, SCD)是由Sydney Valentine和Merrill在20世纪中期开发的,起初用于治疗乳糜泻,后来推广为IBD的治疗方法 [28] 。SCD是一种低碳水化合物和加工食品的排除性饮食,其特点是几乎允许所有的新鲜水果和蔬菜,除了某些淀粉类蔬菜,如土豆和山药。允许某些豆类(如扁豆、豌豆),但不允许其他豆类(如鹰嘴豆、大豆);不允许谷物;糖精和蜂蜜可以作为甜味剂,罐头水果和蔬菜不允许。未经加工的肉类允许,加工过的、罐装的和大多数烟熏肉都受到限制。牛奶不允许但某些乳糖含量最低的奶酪是允许的,比如发酵24小时的自制酸奶 [29] 。一些回顾性研究和病例系列表明,SCD饮食可以使UC患者临床疾病活动性评分和炎症生化指标,包括CRP、粪便钙保护蛋白和血清白蛋白得到改善 [30] [31] 。一项前瞻性研究首次证明了SCD治疗超过52周可实现黏膜愈合或黏膜改善 [32] 。但SCD是一种非常严格的饮食,时常会导致一些营养素的缺乏,还需进一步完善。

2.4. UC排除性饮食(UCED)

UC排除性饮食(UC exclusion diet, UCED)是一种低蛋白质、高纤维、低脂肪,不含添加剂的饮食。通过以下原则指导食品的排除和添加:减少硫酸盐氨基酸(SAAs)、总蛋白、血红素、动物脂肪、饱和和多不饱和脂肪和食品添加剂摄入,增加色氨酸和天然来源的果胶和抗性淀粉摄入。此种饮食分两个阶段实施:1~6周的第一阶段饮食,富含水果和蔬菜。有些食物是允许食用的,没有限制,比如米饭和土豆;规定量的食物,如鸡肉、鸡蛋、酸奶和意大利面;以及不允许食用的食物,比如红肉和加工食品;同时减少糖和果糖摄入。第7~12周的第二阶段更加宽松,有更多的水果和蔬菜选择,并添加规定数量的营养素(13种谷物产品和某些豆类)。UCED饮食旨在改变可能对杯状细胞、粘液渗透性和微生物组组成产生不利影响的饮食成分 [33] [34] 。一项前瞻性、多中心的研究显示,23例年龄为8~19岁的儿童,接受24个疗程的UCED治疗结果表明UCED对于诱导轻至中度UC患儿缓解是有效可行的 [35] 。UCED饮食需要在更多,更广泛的人群中研究,以期进一步验证。

2.5. 低发酵低聚糖,双糖,单糖和多元醇饮食(低FODMAP饮食)

FODMAP是一组短链碳水化合物,包含可发酵低聚糖(果聚糖、半乳糖低聚糖)、双糖(乳糖)、单糖(果糖)和多元醇(山梨醇、甘露醇)。这些碳水化合物要么由于缺乏消化酶(果聚糖、半乳糖低聚糖)而不能被人体吸收,要么由于吸收能力有限而易于吸收(果糖),要么由于吸收缓慢而被动吸收(多元醇)。一些FODMAPs增加了小肠含水量 [36] [37] ,另一些则由结肠内的微生物群发酵产生氢气和甲烷气体 [36] [38] 。这会导致个体的特征性症状,包括疼痛、不适、腹胀、腹泻和胀气 [39] 。低FODMAP饮食最初是为肠易激综合征患者开创的,最近的一项荟萃分析得出结论,采用低FODMAP饮食可有效减少静止性IBD患者的胃肠道症状 [40] 。但低FODMAP饮食未能在静止IBD患者中显示出抗炎特性,甚至降低了他们粪便中肠道微生物的丰度 [41] [42] 。因此不应无限期推荐IBD患者应用此种饮食。鉴于现有的证据,建议在有活动性胃肠道症状的患者,特别是腹胀的患者,采用低FODMAP饮食。此外,狭窄性疾病患者和近期有小肠梗阻病史的患者提供低FODMAP/低纤维饮食。最后对于有静止性IBD但叠加IBS症状的患者,也提供低FODMAP的饮食。一旦症状得到控制,即可逐渐改善饮食 [43] 。

2.6. 格罗宁根抗炎饮食(GrAID饮食)

格罗宁根抗炎饮食(GrAID饮食)是通过回顾研究食物和食物组对IBD发病和病程影响的文献被设计出来的,虽然没有对文献进行系统的回顾,也没有对所有的食物或食物组进行足够的高质量研究,但这一饮食模式是对目前所有关于食物和食物组的最佳证据进行了全面的概述。在GrAID中,加工肉类和红肉的使用限制在每周一次,允许使用瘦肉和未加工的肉。鸡肉和鸡蛋也可以作为重要的蛋白质来源。乳制品应尽可能纯净,如纯牛奶,脱脂乳或发酵乳。建议食用不含食品添加剂的高纤维面包和谷物。更推荐橄榄油或含有N-3脂肪酸的脂肪,而不是葵花籽油或饱和脂肪。建议食用坚果,允许有限度地使用巧克力,咖啡和茶可以无限制地使用,但甜饮料和酒精应该避免,且应尽量避免添加糖。必要时,最好使用蜂蜜而不是糖 [44] 。这种饮食还需大量随机对照试验中进行验证,并不断完善。

2.7. 无麸质饮食(Gluten-Free Diet, GFD)

无麸质饮食即完全不含麸质的饮食。麦麸蛋白是麦胶蛋白和谷蛋白的混合物,这是一种富含脯氨酸和谷氨酰胺的复杂蛋白质,存在于大多数谷物中,如小麦、大麦和黑麦 [45] 。麸质成分麦胶蛋白可抵抗胃、胰腺和肠刷状膜蛋白酶的降解,也可在通过上皮屏障(如十二指肠)下抵抗降解然后麦胶蛋白肽与抗原呈递细胞相互作用,导致促炎免疫反应。在持续谷蛋白暴露的情况下,肠道炎症持续存在,导致绒毛萎缩、隐窝增生、B细胞的激活和扩增以及抗体的产生(例如抗麦胶蛋白抗体或组织转谷氨酰胺酶抗体) [46] 。麸质被认为与腹胀、腹泻、腹痛、疲劳和恶心有关,这一系列症状被称为非乳糜泻麸质敏感性(NCGS)。在IBD患者中,近三分之一的患者报告诊断为非乳糜泻麸质敏感性(NCGS),一项在1647名IBD患者的横断面研究中,314名(19.1%)参与者曾尝试过GFD,135名(8.2%)表示目前正在使用GFD。65.6%尝试GFD的患者表示他们的胃肠道症状的改善,38.3%的患者表示可带来较少或较轻的IBD发作。GFD可能改善IBD患者的症状,但现有数据不支持普遍使用GFD,还需进一步研究 [47] 。且尽管动物研究表明,摄入麸质可促进肠道炎症并增加肠道通透性,但尚无前瞻性研究评估麸质饮食在诱导和维持克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎中的作用 [48] 。

2.8. 地中海饮食

地中海饮食模式的特点是增加食用豆类、全谷物、蔬菜、水果、坚果、种子和橄榄油,适量食用鱼类、家禽和乳制品,少量食用加工食品和红肉 [49] 。先前的研究表明,地中海饮食可以降低血浆中炎症标志物的水平,如高敏C反应蛋白和肿瘤坏死因子α,以及其他免疫介导疾病(包括牛皮癣和类风湿性关节炎)发生和发展的风险 [50] [51] [52] [53] 。由于IBD的特征是炎症和血清学标志物的升高 [54] [55] ,坚持地中海饮食可能对预防和治疗IBD有益。一项前瞻性的研究表明坚持短期地中海饮食不仅可以改善UC患者的肥胖相关参数和肝脏脂肪变性,还可以显著降低疾病活动性和炎症相关生物标志物 [56] 。还有一项病例对照研究表示,地中海饮食诱导的肠道微生物组改变与静止性UC患者维持临床缓解相关 [57] 。所以地中海饮食是一种可持续的饮食模式,可推荐作为UC临床缓解患者的维持饮食和辅助治疗。

2.9. 抗炎饮食(IBD-AID饮食)

IBD的抗炎饮食(IBD-AID)源于SCD,是由马萨诸塞大学医学院的一个小组开发的。IBD-AID由五个部分组成:第一部分包括碳水化合物的限制,如乳糖和精制或加工成复杂的碳水化合物;第二部分包括增加摄取益生元和益生菌;第三部分是改变膳食脂肪酸;第四部分是检测整体饮食模式和缺少的营养素,并确定不耐受;第五部分是根据4个阶段改变食物的质地,如果病情严重,从软的或泥状的食物开始 [58] 。IBD-AID患者的饮食模式以减少炎症和改善营养状况为导向,维持有益的肠道细菌平衡。在11名成年IBD患者接受IBD-AID治疗4周或更长时间的病例系列中,除了症状减轻外,所有患者都能够中断至少一种先前的IBD药物治疗 [59] 。还有研究表明,多供体肠道菌群移植联合持续抗炎饮食1年以上可有效诱导轻度至中度UC患者深度缓解 [58] 。还有一例随机对照研究中发现IBD-AID饮食与UC临床缓解患者的代谢和微生物变化有关,并能有效预防亚临床炎症 [60] 。故抗炎饮食也是一种可能的饮食模式。

2.10. EEN

肠内营养(EEN)疗法,是通过口服或管饲营养补充剂,维持或恢复以口服摄入量减少为特征的个体的营养状况。一般在严重营养不良,中度营养不良,预计食物摄入不足5天,一般营养状况差,或中度/重度高分解代谢的患者中使用 [60] [61] 。几项研究已经证明了EEN对活动性CD患者的疗效,根据推测,可能与营养物质能够通过减少抗原暴露来调节共生菌群和肠道免疫反应有关。EEN似乎通过减少IL-6的产生和增加胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)-1的产生而对肠黏膜发挥抗炎作用 [62] 。目前尚无证据表明EEN是治疗活动性UC的有效方法 [63] 。Connors等的研究纳入了111例新诊断的儿科CD患者,研究证明EEN作为一种诱导疗法,减少了对类固醇治疗的需求,没有增加对生物治疗或手术治疗的需求。然而,在UC中没有观察到这种对EEN的反应 [64] [65] 。所以肠内营养治疗UC仍处于经验性阶段,仍需更多的研究。

2.11. 全场外营养(TPN)

全肠外营养(TPN)是根据患者的需要和病情,通过静脉途径将营养物质输入体内,用以补充所需的能量和必需的营养物质。在肠内营养不能耐受或标准药物治疗无效的非常严重的病例中,TPN的作用是必不可少的。TPN允许肠道休息,同时提供足够的热量摄入和必需营养素,并消除抗原粘膜刺激。IBD患者TPN最相关的适应症之一是短肠综合征,伴有营养物质和/或液体的严重吸收不良,不能通过肠内喂养来控制 [66] 。各种研究分析了TPN的效果,特别是在20世纪80年代,在两项对重症患者的短期研究中,TPN对严重急性UC没有影响 [67] [68] 。

3. 结论

饮食在溃疡性结肠炎的预防和治疗中占据越来越重要的作用,饮食调整可以作为IBD治疗的重要辅助手段,不仅可以达到缓解,而且可能临床缓解的持久性。我们还需进一步研究提供可确保长期坚持可能的个体化饮食建议,为UC患者减轻症状、缩短病程和加速康复提供帮助。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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