一例骶尾骨麻醉技术治疗猫自发性膀胱炎的病例报告
A Case Report of Managing Fe-line Idiopathic Cystitis with Sacrococcygeal Anesthesia
DOI: 10.12677/ACRPVM.2024.131003, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 70  浏览: 127  科研立项经费支持
作者: 黄雪纯, 陈一丹:温州科技职业学院动物科学学院,浙江 温州;芭比堂爱心动物医院温科转诊中心,浙江 温州;郭 娟:芭比堂爱心动物医院温科转诊中心,浙江 温州
关键词: 自发性膀胱炎尿道阻塞骶尾骨麻醉技术 Feline Idiopathic Cystitis Urethral obstruction Sacrococcygeal Anesthesia
摘要: 1例5月龄英国短毛猫因尿道阻塞就诊。尿常规检查可见鸟粪石结晶、细菌,未见白细胞吞噬相。超声波检查可见腔内有散在高回声光点,重力侧有高回声带,膀胱三角区轻度扩张,提示膀胱结晶、尿闭。结合体格检查、实验室检查和影像学检查结果诊断为猫自发性膀胱炎引起的尿道阻塞。通过骶尾骨麻醉技术进行膀胱泄压、尿道解痉挛和止痛,配合费洛蒙舒缓情绪,治疗第二日患猫恢复自主排尿,第三日实验室检查结果无异常,给予居家护理表并出院。患猫出院一年,至今未复发下泌尿道疾病。该病例为猫自发性膀胱炎的临床治疗提供参考。
Abstract: A 5-month-old male British shorthair cat presented with urethral obstruction. Struvite crystals and bacteria without leukocyte phagocytosis were found in the urine by urinalysis. The results of ultrasound examination showed scattered hyperechoic light spots in the bladder, a hyperechoic band on the gravity side of the bladder, and mild dilatation of the trigonum vesicae, suggesting bladder crystallization and urinary closure. Urethral obstruction caused by feline idiopathic cystitis was diagnosed based on the results of physical examination, laboratory examination and imaging examination. Sacrococcygeal anesthesia was used to relieve bladder pressure, urethral spasm and pain in the affected cat. Pheromone was also used for stress relief. The cat recovered to urinate spontaneously on the second day. The cat was discharged with the home care form because the results of laboratory examination showed no abnormalities. The cat was discharged from the hospital for one year and had no recurrence of lower urinary tract disease so far. This case can provide a reference for the clinical treatment of fe-line idiopathic cystitis.
文章引用:黄雪纯, 郭娟, 陈一丹. 一例骶尾骨麻醉技术治疗猫自发性膀胱炎的病例报告[J]. 亚洲兽医病例研究, 2024, 13(1): 11-16. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACRPVM.2024.131003

1. 引言

猫自发性膀胱炎(Feline idiopathic cystitis,FIC)是公猫常见的下泌尿道疾病,其发病机制涉及环境压力、神经内分泌系统和膀胱的相互作用,多与应激相关 [1] [2] [3] ,临床常见尿道功能性阻塞,进而引起患猫水电解质、生化指标紊乱,严重时致死。传统治疗方案为留置导尿管并住院观察,有较多副作用 [4] [5] [6] ,治疗周期长,对主人的经济压力大 [7] 。因此,越来越多的宠物医生倾向于使用解除患猫尿路阻塞配合镇痛、舒缓情绪的治疗方案来管理FIC。

2. 基础信息

英国短毛猫,5月龄,体重2.87 kg,雄性,未绝育。几日前出现排尿后惨叫且频繁舔生殖器,猫砂盆内每日均有多块小尿块,来院前一日出现排尿障碍。精神食欲尚可。无下泌尿道疾病及其他疾病病史。

3. 体格检查

患猫精神尚可,体况评分3/5分,水合正常,体温39℃,呼吸频率56次/min,心率188 bpm。阴茎口可见白色栓子,腹部触诊膀胱充盈。

4. 诊断

4.1. 血常规检查

血常规检查结果未见明显异常。

4.2. 血清生化检查

血清肌酐指标为16 μmol/L,低于正常水平,其他指标未见明显异常。

4.3. 血气检查

血液pH值升高,为7.446,其他指标未见明显异常。

4.4. 尿液检查

超声导引下膀胱穿刺采集尿液进行分析检查。尿沉渣镜检可见大量鸟粪石结晶(图1(a)),染色后可见细菌(图1(b)),未见白细胞吞噬相。

(a) 未染色尿沉渣镜检(100×);(b) 尿沉渣Diff-quick染色后镜检(1000×)。

Figure 1. Microscopic results of urinalysis

图1. 尿沉渣镜检结果

4.5. 影像学检查

B超影像可见患猫双肾轮廓平滑,大小约3.6~3.8 cm,皮髓质分界清晰,肾盂未见扩张,膀胱充盈,壁光滑,腔内有散在高回声光点,重力侧有高回声带,膀胱三角区轻度扩张,提示膀胱结晶、尿闭(图2)。

(a) 左肾横断面;(b) 膀胱三角区纵切面,进入尿道处扩张;(c) 膀胱体纵切面,箭头:膀胱结晶;箭号:膀胱结晶/结石。

Figure 2. Results of ultrasound examination

图2. B超检查影像

4.6. 诊断

根据主诉、体格检查、血液学检查、尿液分析、影像学检查结果初步诊断为自发性膀胱炎引起尿道阻塞。

5. 治疗与转归

根据病因对患猫进行尿道解痉挛、止痛、输液冲刷膀胱及舒缓情绪操作。通过骶尾骨麻醉技术解除患猫尿道痉挛,帮助膀胱泄压。就诊当天于前肢放置留置针,静脉推注镇静止痛药物,推注适量丙泊酚至动物可正趴进行骶尾骨麻醉操作。将患猫尾根部4 cm × 4 cm区域剃毛并刷洗,铺设创巾后,通过摆动尾巴确定荐椎与第一尾椎椎间隙,使用24 G脊髓穿刺针(贝恩医疗器械有限公司)以30~45度方向向前入针,穿破皮肤后拔除硬针,向脊髓针内滴注无菌生理盐水,将脊髓针穿过黄韧带进入硬膜外腔(图3),食指缓慢推注针筒后段有少量空气的生理盐水,无明显阻力,确认进入硬膜外腔,推注1 mg/kg利多卡因溶液,该溶液事先使用无菌生理盐水稀释成0.1 mL/kg。注射完毕后拔除脊髓针,5 min后轻轻按摩患猫膀胱,观察尿液排出情况。患猫共排出尿液约20 mL。排尿后将患猫放置于黑暗安静的病房中苏醒,期间以2 mL/(kg∙h)速度输注乳酸林格氏液,苏醒后给予止痛药物,配合费洛蒙扩散剂舒缓动物情绪。观察患猫自主排尿情况,并记录并发症。

Figure 3. Sacrococcygeal anesthesia technique

图3. 骶尾骨麻醉技术操作

骶尾骨麻醉治疗第二日,患猫恢复自主排尿。第三日复查血液生化与血气指标,指标无异常,患猫出院。

出院后给予主人居家护理表(表1),在患猫出院后3日、1周、1月、3月、6月进行定期回访。主人依从度高,护理表完成度达90%。至今,该猫出院1年,未再复发下泌尿道问题。

Table 1. Home care form

表1. 居家护理表

6. 讨论

尿道阻塞是家养公猫常见疾病,常导致生化、水电解质异常,未及时治疗将导致死亡,临床上往往需要对膀胱进行紧急泄压处理 [8] 。超过一半病例的病因为FIC [9] ,通常因尿道筋挛和尿道水肿引起尿道功能性阻塞 [10] 。一般认为FIC与人类间质性膀胱炎类似,但该病的病因及发病机制是复杂的,涉及膀胱通透性增加、神经异常、应激、环境因素、遗传因素,以及感染或其他并发症 [11] 。在宠物临床诊疗中,需排除尿路结晶/结石症、细菌性膀胱炎等其他下泌尿道疾病后,方可诊断该疾病 [12] 。环境压力、疼痛和刺激都可能恶化FIC患猫的尿道阻塞症状 [13] 。

传统治疗方案为稳定动物状态、麻醉、留置导尿管并住院输液冲刷膀胱,拔除导尿管恢复动物自主排尿后出院。留置导尿管不仅会造成疼痛不适,还可能导致尿道撕裂、尿道狭窄,引起尿道外伤、恶化尿路感染,最终延长住院时间,增加治疗费用 [4] [7] 。住院期间患猫往往处于应激状态,不利于疾病恢复,但不住院的门诊治疗方案可能会上升尿道阻塞的复发风险。一项2018年的研究比较了单次导尿不住院方案和留置导尿管住院方案治疗尿道阻塞的复发率,分别为31%和11%,研究发现住院治疗比单次导尿治疗更能降低30日内复发性尿道阻塞的风险 [14] 。疾病复发带来看护和经济压力,是患猫最终被实施安乐术的一大原因 [15] [16] 。

为规避留置导尿管的风险,国外的一些医生尝试膀胱穿刺配合镇静止痛的治疗方案来管理FIC引起的尿道阻塞。在一项2010年的研究中,11例治愈的FIC患猫平均需要接受3次膀胱穿刺,治愈后接受随访调查的9只猫中,有2只猫在3周内再次复发尿道阻塞,而治疗失败的4例患猫因多次膀胱穿刺出现尿腹和血腹 [17] 。该研究证实了膀胱穿刺在管理FIC相关的尿道阻塞上是可行的,但也说明了膀胱穿刺无法解除尿道痉挛,患猫需在短时间内反复通过穿刺进行膀胱泄压,而频繁穿刺可能导致腹部其他脏器损伤,甚至引起膀胱破裂,大大提高尿腹、血腹和腹膜炎的风险。

骶尾骨麻醉技术也称作尾部硬膜外麻醉技术,通过向荐椎与第一尾椎之间的硬膜外腔内注射局麻药,来阻断阴部、盆腔和尾侧神经,实现对会阴、阴茎、尿道、结肠和肛门区域的麻醉,同时仍保留后肢运动功能 [18] 。在人上,骶尾骨麻醉可以提供最大的尿道松弛效果,并起到泌尿道镇痛作用,对全身的副作用最小 [19] [20] 。FIC与女性间质性膀胱炎类似,特征均为膀胱神经源性炎症,而骶尾骨麻醉可能有助于调节神经源性炎症,可针对性地治疗FIC [21] [22] 。另一方面,动物可以在较浅的麻醉深度下实施骶尾骨麻醉,大大减少了麻醉药物的用量及副作用。

本病例证实了骶尾骨麻醉技术能够用于治疗FIC引起的尿道阻塞,但该技术是否能应用于其他体况的患猫,仍需要进一步的研究。

基金项目

2023年浙江省教育厅一般科研项目。

参考文献

参考文献

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