多囊卵巢综合征与代谢综合征各组分关系的研究进展
Research Progress on the Relationship between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Metabolic Syndrome Components
DOI: 10.12677/md.2024.141018, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 19  浏览: 82 
作者: 王亚倩, 张媛媛*, 付春雷:延安大学医学院,陕西 延安
关键词: 多囊卵巢综合征代谢综合征肥胖高血压Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Metabolic Syndrome Obesity Hypertension
摘要: 多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS)是育龄期女性常见的妇科生殖内分泌疾病,严重影响女性的生殖健康。近年来,PCOS的发病率逐年上升,这一趋势引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。PCOS患者常与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高脂血症等代谢综合征(Metabolic syndrome, MetS)各组分密切相关,PCOS合并MetS一种或多种组分常常加重病情的发展。本文就PCOS与MetS各组分的相关调查研究进行综述。
Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological endocrine disorder in women of childbearing age, significantly affecting women’s reproductive health. In recent years, the incidence of PCOS has been increasing annually, a trend that has attracted widespread attention from domestic and foreign scholars. PCOS patients are often closely associated with components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) such as obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. The presence of one or more components of MetS in PCOS patients often exacerbates the progression of the disease. This article provides a review of the research on the relationship between PCOS and the various components of MetS.
文章引用:王亚倩, 张媛媛, 付春雷. 多囊卵巢综合征与代谢综合征各组分关系的研究进展[J]. 医学诊断, 2024, 14(1): 124-131. https://doi.org/10.12677/md.2024.141018

1. 引言

多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS)是一种复杂的妇科生殖内分泌疾病,严重影响患者的身心健康,其发病率高达5%~18% [1] 。PCOS的发生、发展通常与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗(Insulin resistance, IR)显著相关,而这种机体代谢紊乱是导致PCOS女性生活质量下降的最主要原因 [2] 。PCOS的病因复杂,临床表现也存在高度异质性。2023年出版的PCOS评估和管理国际循证指南推荐使用2018年《国际循证指南》标准诊断PCOS,该标准建立在2003年鹿特丹共识的基础上,诊断需要排除相关疾病后存在以下两种情况:① 临床和(或)生化高雄激素血症;② 排卵障碍;③ 超声提示卵巢多囊样改变 [3] 。

代谢综合征(Metabolic syndrome, MetS)又称胰岛素抵抗综合征,是以肥胖、血脂代谢紊乱、高血糖及高血压等特征聚集发病的一组临床症候群,可导致一些列心血管疾病的发生及发展 [4] [5] 。近年来,全世界患MetS的人数显著增加 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] 。一项具有全国代表性的横断面研究 [11] 发现,中国20岁及以上居民MetS的患病率为31.1%,女性的患病率显著高于男性(32.3% vs 30.0%)。世界卫生组织于1998年正式给出了“代谢综合征”的概念,随后各国政府和专业机构根据各国的人种、人群差异制定了用于当地的诊断标准并持续更新 [12] ,根据目前我国人群MetS的流行病学资料分析结果,于2020年出版了中国2型糖尿病的防治指南,该指南进一步修订了MetS各组分的量化指标。具体的诊断标准为:1) 腹型肥胖:腰围男性 ≥ 90 cm,女性 ≥ 85 cm;2) 高血糖:空腹血糖 ≥ 6.1 mmol/L或糖负荷后2 h血糖 ≥ 7.8 mmol/L和(或)已确诊为糖尿病并治疗者;3) 高血压:血压 ≥ 130/85 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa)和(或)已确认为高血压并治疗者;4) 空腹三酰甘油(TG) ≥ 1.70 mmol/L;5) 空腹HDL-C < 1.04 mmol/L。以上具备3项或更多项即可诊断 [5] 。

2. PCOS与MetS的相关性

大量研究表明,PCOS患者患MetS的风险明显增加 [12] - [20] 。Apridonidze T等人 [21] 研究发现,PCOS女性中,MetS的患病率为43%,比一般人群中年龄匹配的女性高出近2倍。Marcondes JA等人 [22] [23] 发现,与没有MetS的PCOS女性相比,同时患有MetS的女性更肥胖、更年长,且MetS的患病率随年龄和体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)增加而增加,提示PCOS与MetS两种不同的疾病之间密切相关。

PCOS患者机体的代谢紊乱包括体脂增多、血脂紊乱、葡萄糖耐量异常、IR以及高血压等 [24] 。研究表明,脂肪组织具有能量储存作用,可参与机体内分泌、炎症调节等,肥胖人群发生心脑血管疾病、排卵障碍的风险较高,可促进PCOS的进展 [25] 。MetS的危险因素包括糖尿病、妊娠期糖尿病病史、肥胖、IR和PCOS [26] 。蒲丹兰等人 [27] 认为,IR可能是MetS和PCOS之间的一个重要纽带。此外,一些脂肪因子,如瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子-1和脂联素,也与MetS和PCOS相关。这些发现突显了IR和脂肪因子在这两种疾病发病机制中的重要性。也有研究表明,患有PCOS伴MetS的患者生育力下降,且妊娠并发症风险增加 [28] [29] [30] 。因此,有必要对MetS各组分与PCOS之间的发病关联、发展、治疗等方面进行深入研究和探讨。

3. PCOS与MetS各组分的相关性

3.1. PCOS与腹型肥胖

有研究表明,肥胖是PCOS的独立危险因素。评估肥胖的常用指标包括腰围、臀围、BMI等 [31] 。据统计,高达38%到88%的PCOS女性被确诊为超重或肥胖 [32] ,特别是在PCOS患者中常见的腹型肥胖,会恶化PCOS引起的所有代谢和生殖问题 [33] 。Jurczewska J等人 [34] 研究发现,在PCOS患者中,与腹部肥胖指数正常的女性相比,内脏脂肪组织量更多的女性患IR的概率更高。虽然PCOS与肥胖的相关机理目前尚不清楚,但许多专家都指出可能与基因及环境等因素相关,并涉及了神经系统内分泌及免疫功能的复杂调节。Anagnostis P等人 [35] 认为,肥胖会影响子宫内膜胚胎植入和其他生殖功能,进而可能导致受孕延迟、流产率增加等。Ahmed B等人 [36] 认为脂肪组织增多且功能失调,导致巨噬细胞聚集并极化为促炎状态。过量的脂肪组织释放出游离脂肪酸(FFA)、活性氧(ROS)和促炎细胞因子。过量的FFA进入肝脏、肌肉和胰腺等非脂肪器官的细胞内,以异位脂肪的形式沉积,产生脂毒性,继而导致细胞器失调,而失调的细胞器会释放过量的ROS和促炎因子,引起全身炎症。全身慢性低度炎症又会阻碍胰岛素的正常作用,破坏葡萄糖的稳态,最终导致机体内分泌失调。另有文献 [37] 指出,与BMI匹配的对照组相比,PCOS患者的腹部脂肪堆积似乎更明显。然而,通过MRI和CT评估,发现两组的脂肪分布相似,这表明腹型肥胖可能与PCOS无关。因此,有必要进一步研究PCOS患者的腹型肥胖,探讨其发病机制。总之,肥胖会加重PCOS的症状及临床结局,因此体重管理(减轻体重、维持体重或预防体重过度增加)被提议作为PCOS患者的初始治疗策略 [38] 。

3.2. PCOS与高血糖

高血糖是一种因IR或胰岛素分泌障碍,表现为持续慢性高血糖的全身代谢性疾病 [39] 。根据2018年的数据,我国约有1.1亿糖尿病患者,目前是全球糖尿病发病率最高的国家,且仍逐年增加 [40] 。大量研究报道,PCOS患者存在一系列糖代谢紊乱的情况,与其相匹配BMI的健康女性相比,PCOS患者的糖代谢紊乱程度更为严重。黄佳等人 [40] 研究发现:PCOS是T2DM发生、发展的高危因素之一,PCOS患者发生糖耐量异常的概率约为11.7%。Tomlinson J等人 [41] 的研究显示:PCOS患者糖耐量受损及糖尿病的患病率于2~3年内分别从37%和10%上升到45% 和15%,证实了PCOS是T2DM的危险因素之一。Engin A等人 [42] [43] 研究发现,当存在IR时,胰岛素受体及胰岛素受体底物-1的丝氨酸残基磷酸化增加,酪氨酸残基磷酸化减少,导致胰岛素信号通路结合后缺陷,影响了经典胰岛素靶细胞和卵巢细胞的代谢途径。另外,PCOS患者的慢性炎症状态可导致肠道微生物群的生态失衡,从而增加肠道粘膜通透性和脂多糖(LPS)进入体循环,激活免疫系统,干扰胰岛素受体功能,并增加血清胰岛素的水平。刘媛媛等人 [44] 认为,PCOS患者糖代谢异常与TCF7L2基因、FTO基因、LHCG R基因的异常有关,这会增加T2DM的患病率。虽然也有研究表明PCOS本身不会导致糖尿病,但PCOS的共同特征(如肥胖和高雄激素血症)可能会加速PCOS向糖尿病的进展。因此,具有这些特征的PCOS女性应该进行早期干预和治疗 [45] 。目前,一些典型的胰岛素增敏药物,如二甲双胍,已被用于减少PCOS患者的IR和高胰岛素血症,但由于该疾病的复杂性,对该药物的反应存在差异,因此,需要进一步研究来筛选适用于PCOS的特异性药物 [28] 。

3.3. PCOS与血脂异常

血脂谱主要指体内甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein, HDL)及低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein, LDL)等指标水平 [46] 。既往有研究发现,PCOS患者TC、TG、LDL水平升高,HDL水平下降。PCOS患者中约22.7%~70.4%存在血脂紊乱,高脂血症的患病率明显高于健康女性,约为健康人群的2.5~5倍 [47] [48] 。不同特征PCOS患者的血脂谱存在差异,证实了血脂代谢与PCOS特征之间存在复杂的相关性 [49] [50] 。Osibogun O等人 [51] 认为,肥胖型PCOS患者血液中的雄激素、瘦素、脂联素以及神经肽Y的分泌存在异常,这些因素在协同作用下进一步加重脂代谢紊乱,从而导致PCOS远期并发症的患病率增加。Santoro N等人 [52] 发现,正常体重的女性如果暴露于过量的脂质或胰岛素,会导致促性腺激素分泌下降,从而导致代谢紊乱、内分泌紊乱和排卵功能障碍的问题。郭飞等人 [49] 研究发现,早在青春期,PCOS就可以通过影响血压和脂质代谢而增加MetS的发生率。因此,建议对所有PCOS患者进行脂质谱评估,每2~3年评估一次脂质状况。此外,预防远期心脑血管疾病是PCOS患者临床工作中的一大重点 [53] 。然而,仅依靠饮食和改变生活习惯往往难以达到预期的疗效。基于此,他汀类药物逐渐成为PCOS的常规治疗药物,因其不仅可以改善PCOS患者的血脂紊乱,还能够降低其雄激素水平、调节卵巢功能,改善机体炎性状态,以及降低机体的氧化应激水平 [54] 。然而,目前关于他汀类药物对PCOS患者的胰岛素水平、血脂代谢等影响的相关研究较少,其结果也存在一定差异,尚未纳入PCOS的标准化治疗。未来需要通过大量临床研究来确定PCOS患者降脂治疗的最佳方案,并进一步评估其治疗效果。

3.4. PCOS与高血压

大量研究已经明确了PCOS与远期心血管疾病的关联 [24] [25] [51] [53] 。除了PCOS本身对机体的不良影响外,高血压、血脂异常和血糖异常等个体风险标志物也是导致心血管疾病的重要媒介 [55] 。Joham AE等人 [56] 研究发现,PCOS女性高血压的患病率显著高于正常女性,PCOS女性更易从成年早期发展为高血压,并与BMI无关 [57] 。Mills G等人 [58] 研究显示,PCOS患者发生妊娠期高血压的风险增加50%,先兆子痫的风险增加30%。此外,先前的研究发现,冠状动脉钙化评分、C-反应蛋白、颈动脉内膜中层厚度和内皮功能障碍等亚临床心血管疾病标志物在PCOS女性中更容易增加 [51] 。另有研究认为,PCOS患者存在氧化应激增强的情况,这会导致阻断活性氧生成过多,一氧化氮的活性降低,进而形成有毒的过亚硝酸根,这可能会“解偶联”内皮一氧化氮合酶,从而产生一个活性下降的会产生过氧化物的酶,进而产生血管氧化应激,并促进内皮功能紊乱,最后导致动脉粥样硬化的形成 [55] [59] 。Welt CK等人 [57] [60] 认为高雄激素可以改变肾素–血管紧张素–醛固酮系统(RAAS),RAAS异常可能引发内皮功能障碍,使PCOS患者的动脉血压升高。此外,有研究表明,口服避孕药作为治疗PCOS的一线用药,可以激活凝血酶原、白细胞介素和其他炎性细胞因子,进而增加其发生整体心血管疾病的风险 [61] [62] 。另有文献报道,雄激素和RAAS在PCOS的动脉粥样硬化过程中发挥重要作用,这也提示螺内酯治疗可能逆转PCOS引发内皮功能障碍 [55] 。

4. 小结

综上所述,PCOS与MetS各组分的发生、发展密切相关,包括肥胖、血脂异常、糖代谢紊乱等。因此,对于PCOS合并MetS的患者,我们不仅需要关注其生殖系统异常,还需密切关注其与代谢紊乱相关的问题,以制定更为个体化和合理化的管理方案,从而促进其生育能力、提高生活质量并预防远期潜在并发症的发生。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

参考文献

[1] Joham, A.E., Norman, R.J., Stener-Victorin, E., Legro, R.S., Franks, S., Moran, L.J., Boyle, J. and Teede, H.J. (2022) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 10, 668-680.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00163-2
[2] Dapas, M. and Dunaif, A. (2022) Deconstructing a Syndrome: Genomic Insights into PCOS Causal Mechanisms and Classification. Endocrine Reviews, 43, 927-965.
https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnac001
[3] 尹婧雯, 杨纨 ,于多, 等. 多囊卵巢综合征评估和管理国际循证指南推荐建议(2023年版). 中华生殖与避孕杂志, 2023, 43(11): 1099-1113.
https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn101441-20231010-00153
[4] Saklayen, M.G. (2018) The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome. Current Hypertension Reports, 20, Article No. 12.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z
[5] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版) [J]. 中华内分泌代谢杂志, 2021, 37(4): 311.
https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn311282-20210304-00142
[6] Godman, B., Basu, D. and Pillay, Y. (2020) Review of Ongoing Activities and Challenges to Improve the Care of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes across Africa and the Implications for the Future. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, Article No. 108.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00108
[7] De Brandt, E. and Hillary, T. (2022) Comorbid Psoriasis and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Implications and Optimal Management. Psoriasis (Auckl), 12, 113-126.
https://doi.org/10.2147/PTT.S293107
[8] Souza Cruz, E.M., Bitencourt De Morais, J.M., Dalto Da Rosa, C.V., Da Silva Simões, M., Comar, J.F., De Almeida Chuffa, L.G. and Seiva, F.R.F. (2020) Long-Term Sucrose Solution Consumption Causes Metabolic Alterations and Affects Hepatic Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats. Biology Open, 9, Bio047282.
https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.047282
[9] Liu, J., Bai, L., Wang, W., Song, Y., Zhao, W., Li, Q. and Wu, Q. (2022) LC-MS-Based Lipidomic Analysis of Serum Samples from Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Disease Markers, 2022, Article ID: 5559470.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5559470
[10] Takeyama, N., Moriyama, M., Kazawa, K., Steenkamp, M. and Rahman, M.M. (2020) A Health Guidance App to Improve Motivation, Adherence to Lifestyle Changes and Indicators of Metabolic Disturbances among Japanese Civil Servants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, Article No. 8147.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218147
[11] Chen, Y., Guo, J., Zhang, Q. and Zhang, C. (2022) Insulin Resistance Is a Risk Factor for Early Miscarriage and Macrosomia in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome from the First Embryo Transfer Cycle: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne), 13, Article ID: 853473.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.853473
[12] Lemieux, I. and Despres, J.P. (2020) Metabolic Syndrome: Past, Present and Future. Nutrients, 12, Article No. 3501.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113501
[13] Zaeemzadeh, N., Sadatmahalleh, S.J., Ziaei, S., Kazemnejad, A., Mottaghi, A., Mohamadzadeh, N. and Movahedinejad, M. (2020) Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Four Phenotypes of PCOS and Its Relationship with Androgenic Components among Iranian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 18, 253-264.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v13i4.6888
[14] Dietz De Loos, A., Jiskoot, G., Beerthuizen, A., Busschbach, J. and Laven, J. (2021) Metabolic Health during a Randomized Controlled Lifestyle Intervention in Women with PCOS. European Journal of Endocrinology, 186, 53-64.
https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-21-0669
[15] Li, T., Zhang, Y., Song, J., Chen, L., Du, M. and Mao, X. (2022) Yogurt Enriched with Inulin Ameliorated Reproductive Functions and Regulated Gut Microbiota in Dehydroepiandrosterone-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mice. Nutrients, 14, Article No. 279.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020279
[16] Javed, Z., Papageorgiou, M., Deshmukh, H., Kilpatrick, E.S., Mann, V., Corless, L., Abouda, G., Rigby, A.S., Atkin, S.L. and Sathyapalan, T. (2019) A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Hormones, and Liver Markers in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Nutrients, 11, Article No. 188.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010188
[17] Kumarendran, B., O’Reilly, M.W., Manolopoulos, K.N., Toulis, K.A., Gokhale, K.M., Sitch, A.J., Wijeyaratne, C.N., Coomarasamy, A., Arlt, W. and Nirantharakumar, K. (2018) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Androgen Excess, and the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Women: A Longitudinal Study Based on a United Kingdom Primary Care Database. PLOS Medicine, 15, e1002542.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002542
[18] Kulshreshtha, B., Sharma, N., Pant, S., Prasad, A., Chitkara, A., Pahuja, B. and Pahuja, I. (2019) Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome among Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Sisters. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 12, 334-340.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_172_18
[19] Ali, A.T. and Guidozzi, F. (2020) Midlife Women’s Health Consequences Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Climacteric, 23, 116-122.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2019.1679111
[20] Hallajzadeh, J., Khoramdad, M., Karamzad, N., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Janati, A., Ayubi, E., Pakzad, R., Sullman, M.J.M. and Safiri, S. (2018) Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research, 10, 56-69.
https://doi.org/10.15171/jcvtr.2018.10
[21] Apridonidze, T., Essah, P.A., Iuorno, M.J. and Nestler, J.E. (2005) Prevalence and Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90, 1929-1935.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1045
[22] Marcondes, J.A., Hayashida, S.A., Barcellos, C.R., Rocha, M.P., Maciel, G.A. and Baracat, E.C. (2007) Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Prevalence, Characteristics and Predictors. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, 51, 972-979.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000600012
[23] Madani, T., Hosseini, R., Ramezanali, F., Khalili, G., Jahangiri, N., Ahmadi, J., Rastegar, F. and Zolfaghari, Z. (2016) Metabolic Syndrome in Infertile Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 60, 199-204.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2359-3997000000135
[24] Huang, R., Zheng, J., Li, S.X., Tao, T., Ma, J. and Liu, W. (2015) Characteristics and Contributions of Hyperandrogenism to Insulin Resistance and Other Metabolic Profiles in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 94, 494-500.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12612
[25] Sharma, S. and Majumdar, A. (2015) Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Relation to Body Mass Index and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Indian Women. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 8, 202.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.170394
[26] Carmina, E., Napoli, N., Longo, R.A., Rini, G.B. and Lobo, R.A. (2006) Metabolic Syndrome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Lower Prevalence in Southern Italy than in the USA and the Influence of Criteria for the Diagnosis of PCOS. European Journal of Endocrinology, 154, 141-145.
https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02058
[27] Pu, D., Li, L., Yin, J., Liu, R., Yang, G., Liao, Y. and Wu, Q. (2019) Circulating ANGPTL8 Is Associated with the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Young Women. Mediators of Inflammation, 2019, Article ID: 6321427.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6321427
[28] Yao, K., Bian, C. and Zhao, X. (2017) Association of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Metabolic Syndrome and Gestational Diabetes: Aggravated Complication of Pregnancy. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 1271-1276.
https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4642
[29] Bjercke, S., Dale, P.O., Tanbo, T., Storeng, R., Ertzeid, G. and Abyholm, T. (2002) Impact of Insulin Resistance on Pregnancy Complications and Outcome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 54, 94-98.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000067719
[30] Weerakiet, S., Srisombut, C., Rojanasakul, A., Panburana, P., Thakkinstian, A. and Herabutya, Y. (2004) Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy Outcomes in Asian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Gynecological Endocrinology, 19, 134-140.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590400007242
[31] 多囊卵巢综合征诊治路径专家共识编写组. 多囊卵巢综合征诊治路径专家共识[J]. 中华生殖与避孕杂志, 2023, 43(4): 337-345.
https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn101441-20220927-00417
[32] Garoufi, A., Pagoni, A., Papadaki, M., Marmarinos, A., Karapostolakis, G., Michala, L. and Soldatou, A. (2021) Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Greek Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Its Relationship with Body Mass Index. Children (Basel), 9, Article No. 4.
https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010004
[33] Glueck, C.J. and Goldenberg, N. (2019) Characteristics of Obesity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Etiology, Treatment, and Genetics. Metabolism, 92, 108-120.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.002
[34] Jurczewska, J., Ostrowska, J., Chełchowska, M., Panczyk, M., Rudnicka, E., Kucharski, M., Smolarczyk, R. and Szostak-Węgierek, D. (2023) Abdominal Obesity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Relationship with Diet, Physical Activity and Insulin Resistance: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 15, Article No. 3652.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163652
[35] Anagnostis, P., Tarlatzis, B.C. and Kauffman, R.P. (2018) Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): Long-Term Metabolic Consequences. Metabolism, 86, 33-43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.016
[36] Ahmed, B., Sultana, R. and Greene, M.W. (2021) Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Obese. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 137, Article ID: 111315.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111315
[37] Zhu, S., Li, Z., Hu, C., Sun, F., Wang, C., Yuan, H. and Li, Y. (2021) Imaging-Based Body Fat Distribution in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne), 12, Article ID: 697223.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.697223
[38] Lim, S.S., Hutchison, S.K., Van Ryswyk, E., Norman, R.J., Teede, H.J. and Moran, L.J. (2019) Lifestyle Changes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD007506.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007506.pub4
[39] Girard, D. and Vandiedonck, C. (2022) How Dysregulation of the Immune System Promotes Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Risk Complications. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, Article ID: 991716.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.991716
[40] Huang, J., Ni, R., Chen, X., Huang, L., Mo, Y. and Yang, D. (2010) Metabolic Abnormalities in Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in South China. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 8, Article No. 142.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-8-142
[41] Tomlinson, J., Millward, A., Stenhouse, E. and Pinkney, J. (2010) Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: What Are the Risks and Can They Be Reduced? Diabetic Medicine, 27, 498-515.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02994.x
[42] Engin, A. (2017) The Pathogenesis of Obesity-Associated Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 960, 221-245.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_9
[43] Barber, T.M., Kyrou, I., Randeva, H.S. and Weickert, M.O. (2021) Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance at the Crossroad of Obesity with Associated Metabolic Abnormalities and Cognitive Dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, Article No. 546.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020546
[44] 刘媛媛, 唐蓉. 多囊卵巢综合征患者糖代谢异常相关基因研究进展[J]. 现代妇产科进展, 2021, 30(9): 716-718.
https://doi.org/10.13283/j.cnki.xdfckjz.2021.09.009
[45] Zhu, T., Cui, J. and Goodarzi, M.O. (2021) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Coronary Heart Disease, and Stroke. Diabetes, 70, 627-637.
https://doi.org/10.2337/db20-0800
[46] 黄中华, 王忠康, 周兴, 等. 代谢综合征与非肌层浸润性膀胱癌关系的研究进展[J]. 国际泌尿系统杂志, 2019, 39(2): 323-323.
https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4416.2019.02.040
[47] Roa Barrios, M., Arata-Bellabarba, G., Valeri, L. and Velázquez-Maldonado, E. (2009) Relationship between the Triglyceride/High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Ratio, Insulin Resistance Index and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Endocrinología y Nutrición, 56, 59-65.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1575-0922(09)70553-4
[48] Lankarani, M., Valizadeh, N., Heshmat, R., Peimani, M. and Sohrabvand, F. (2009) Evaluation of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Gynecological Endocrinology, 25, 504-507.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590902972083
[49] Guo, F., Gong, Z., Fernando, T., Zhang, L., Zhu, X. and Shi, Y. (2022) The Lipid Profiles in Different Characteristics of Women with PCOS and the Interaction between Dyslipidemia and Metabolic Disorder States: A Retrospective Study in Chinese Population. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne), 13, Article ID: 892125.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.892125
[50] Maffazioli, G., Lopes, C.P., Heinrich-Oliveira, V., et al. (2020) Prevalence of Metabolic Disturbances among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Different Regions of Brazil. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 151, 383-391.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13374
[51] Osibogun, O., Ogunmoroti, O. and Michos, E.D. (2020) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Cardiometabolic Risk: Opportunities for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 30, 399-404.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2019.08.010
[52] Santoro, N., Schauer, I.E., Kuhn, K., Fought, A.J., Babcock-Gilbert, S. and Bradford, A.P. (2021) Gonadotropin Response to Insulin and Lipid Infusion Reproduces the Reprometabolic Syndrome of Obesity in Eumenorrheic Lean Women: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Fertility and Sterility, 116, 566-574.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.03.005
[53] Bates, G.W. and Legro, R.S. (2013) Long Term Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 373, 91-97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2012.10.029
[54] Cassidy-Vu, L., Joe, E. and Kirk, J.K. (2016) Role of Statin Drugs for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of Family and Reproductive Health, 10, 165-175.
[55] Macut, D., Mladenović, V., Bjekić-Macut, J., Livadas, S., Stanojlović, O., Hrnčić, D., Rašić-Marković, A., Milutinović, D.V. and Andrić, Z. (2020) Hypertension in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Novel Insights. Current Hypertension Reviews, 16, 55-60.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402115666190531071422
[56] Joham, A.E., Kakoly, N.S., Teede, H.J. and Earnest, A. (2021) Incidence and Predictors of Hypertension in a Cohort of Australian Women with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 106, 1585-1593.
https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab134
[57] Dokras, A. (2013) Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women with PCOS. Steroids, 78, 773-776.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.009
[58] Mills, G., Badeghiesh, A., Suarthana, E., Baghlaf, H. and Dahan, M.H. (2020) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as an Independent Risk Factor for Gestational Diabetes and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Population-Based Study on 9.1 Million Pregnancies. Human Reproduction, 35, 1666-1674.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa099
[59] Adoga, J.O., Channa, M.L. and Nadar, A. (2021) Kolaviron Attenuates Cardiovascular Injury in Fructose-Streptozotocin Induced Type-2 Diabetic Male Rats by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Improving Cardiovascular Risk Markers. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 144, Article ID: 112323.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112323
[60] Welt, C.K. and Carmina, E. (2013) Clinical Review: Lifecycle of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): From in Utero to Menopause. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98, 4629-4638.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2375
[61] Glintborg, D. (2016) Endocrine and Metabolic Characteristics in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Danish Medical Journal, 63, B5232.
[62] Bird, S.T., Hartzema, A.G., Brophy, J.M., Etminan, M. and Delaney, J.A. (2013) Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Population-Based Matched Cohort Analysis. CMAJ, 185, E115-E120.
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.120677