蝶骨孤立性浆细胞瘤一例并文献复习
Solitary Plasmacytoma of the Sphenoid Bone: A Case Report and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441161, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 29  浏览: 43 
作者: 刘志强*:山东大学医学融合与实践中心,山东 济南;刘 珂:北京师范大学人工智能学院,北京;葛明旭:山东第一医科大学附属省立医院伽马刀治疗科,山东 济南
关键词: 孤立性浆细胞瘤孤立性骨浆细胞瘤蝶骨诊断治疗Solitary Plasmacytoma Solitary Bone Plasmacytoma Sphenoid Bone Diagnosis Treatment
摘要: 目的:探讨颅内孤立性骨浆细胞瘤的临床特征,诊断和治疗方案选择。方法:回顾性分析1例蝶骨孤立性浆细胞瘤患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果:本例患者因“右侧眼球突出”入院,颅脑磁共振显示右侧蝶颞区见一均匀强化肿块,大小约5.7 × 4.1 × 7.0 cm。术后病理结果为浆细胞瘤。为排除多发性骨髓瘤,对患者进行相关检查,并最终诊断为蝶骨孤立性浆细胞瘤。患者术后恢复良好,并于出院后2周接受放射治疗。截至末次随访,未见肿瘤复发或进展。结论:颅内孤立性骨浆细胞瘤临床少见,确诊依赖病理组织学检查和骨髓检验,主要治疗方式为放射治疗。
Abstract: Objective: This study aims to explore the clinical characteristics, diagnostic approach, and treatment strategies for intracranial solitary bone plasmacytoma. Method: A retrospective analysis of clinical data from one case of solitary plasmacytoma of the sphenoid bone was conducted, along with a review of relevant literature. Result: The patient was admitted to the hospital with a progressive proptosis of the right eyeball. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a homogeneous enhancing mass in the right sphenotemporal region, measuring approximately 5.7 × 4.1 × 7.0 cm. Postoperative pathology confirmed the diagnosis of plasmacytoma. To rule out multiple myeloma, the patient underwent comprehensive examinations, ultimately leading to the diagnosis of solitary plasmacytoma of the sphenoid bone. The patient recovered well postoperatively and received radiotherapy two weeks after discharge. At the latest follow-up, no tumor recurrence or progression was observed. Conclusion: Intracranial solitary bone plasmacytoma is a rare entity, histopathological examination and bone marrow analysis are the key to the diagnosis of this disease. The optimal choice of treatment is radiotherapy.
文章引用:刘志强, 刘珂, 葛明旭. 蝶骨孤立性浆细胞瘤一例并文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 1312-1317. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441161

1. 引言

孤立性浆细胞瘤是一类以单克隆浆细胞局限性增殖为特征的恶性肿瘤,约占全部浆细胞肿瘤的5% [1] 。根据肿瘤的发生部位可进一步细分为孤立性髓外浆细胞瘤和孤立性骨浆细胞瘤。孤立性髓外浆细胞瘤可发生于全身软组织,主要发生于上呼吸道(鼻咽、口咽、鼻窦等),也可发生于胃肠道、膀胱、尿道、中枢神经系统、乳腺、甲状腺、卵巢、睾丸、淋巴结和皮肤 [2] 。孤立性骨浆细胞瘤主要发生于红骨髓丰富的中轴骨,如脊柱、股骨和骨盆等 [3] [4] ,发生于蝶骨的孤立性骨浆细胞瘤十分罕见,本文就1例蝶骨浆细胞瘤患者的临床特点、治疗效果进行分析,并结合相关文献,以提高该疾病的诊断和治疗水平。

2. 临床资料

患者男性,43岁,因“右侧眼球突出4月余”入院,患者自述4个月前无明显诱因出现右侧眼球突出,呈进行性加重,伴右侧颞部皮肤肿胀。患者20余年前有头部外伤史。入院查体:右侧颞部可触及约2 × 3 cm肿物,质硬,活动度差,与周围组织边界不清,无波动感,局部皮温正常,无异常红肿破溃,浅表淋巴结未触及肿大。眼科查体:患者右侧眼球突出,伴右侧眼球运动受限,视力检查未见明显异常。神经查体显示患者右侧外展神经功能受损。入院时血常规、肝肾功能、凝血功能未见明显异常。

影像学检查:颅脑MRI平扫及增强显示患者右侧蝶颞骨区见一不规则肿块,在T1W1呈等或稍高信号影,在T2W2呈等信号影(图1),大小约5.7 × 4.1 × 7.0 cm,增强扫描呈明显强化,边界尚清,病灶向内累及右侧蝶窦,向下累及颞下窝区,邻近脑实质并压迫右侧眼外肌(图2);脑沟、脑裂未见明显增宽,中线结构局限性左移;双侧上颌窦及右侧筛窦粘膜增厚。全身骨骼X线摄片检查未见其他病灶。诊断:1) 右侧颞区肿物;2) 鼻窦炎。遂行“右侧颞区肿物探查切除术”。

术中所见:肿瘤呈灰红色组织,质软,血供丰富,以蝶骨大翼为中心,侵袭周围骨质,与周围组织边界不清。

Figure 1. Preoperative brain MRI shows iso- or slightly hyperintense signal on T1-weighted imaging (A) and iso-intense signal on T2-weighted imaging (B)

图1. 术前颅脑磁共振检查显示在T1W1 (A)呈等或稍高信号;在T2W2 (B)呈等信号

Figure 2. Cerebral MRI axial (A); Sagittal (B); Coronal (C)

图2. 颅脑MRI增强扫描轴位(A);矢状位(B);冠状位(C)

术后病理所见:镜下可见大量呈片状分布浆细胞,胞浆丰富,呈嗜酸性,核偏位,其中可见双核甚至三核细胞。免疫组化:CD3 (−),CD20 (−),CD38 (+),CD138 (+),kappa (−),lambda (+),LCA (−),Ki-67 (30%) (图3)。病理诊断:颅内浆细胞瘤。为排除多发性骨髓瘤,我们对患者进行了血尿免疫球蛋白检测,结果未见明显异常。临床诊断为蝶骨孤立性骨浆细胞瘤。术后患者恢复良好,顺利康复出院。并于出院后2周到当地肿瘤医院接受放射治疗,放疗总剂量为40 Gy,分20次完成。末次随访时间为2023年12月12日,患者影像学及实验室检查结果未见复发或进展。

Figure 3. The histological features of the lesion. HE staining (×400) reveals abundant sheet-like distribution of plasma cells (A); Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor cells stained positive for CD38 (B) and CD138 (C); The proliferation index of Ki-67 is 30% (D)

图3. 病变的病理表现。HE染色(×400)显示大量呈片状分布的浆细胞(A);免疫组化显示CD38(+) (B);CD138(+) (C);Ki-67增殖指数为30% (D)

3. 讨论

孤立性浆细胞瘤是一种十分罕见的恶性肿瘤,根据瑞典的流行病学统计结果,全球男性发病率约为0.191/100,000,全球女性发病率约为0.090/100,000,中位发病年龄为55岁 [5] 。孤立性骨浆细胞瘤占全部孤立性浆细胞瘤的70%,主要发生于中轴骨,如椎骨、股骨和肋骨,约72%的孤立性骨浆细胞瘤发生于脊柱,发生于颅骨的病例罕见,而发生于颅底骨的孤立性骨浆细胞瘤较颅顶更少见。病因目前尚不明确,有研究指出病毒感染(丙型肝炎病毒或EB病毒)和创伤是颅骨孤立性浆细胞瘤的致病因素 [6] 。本例患者在20年前有头部外伤史,其病因可能与头部外伤史相关。颅骨浆细胞瘤的临床表现常常与肿瘤的体积有关,肿瘤体积较小者往往没有明显的症状,肿瘤体积较大者因占位效应明显而引起颅内压增高,从而导致头痛、恶心、呕吐以及视乳头水肿,部分颅骨浆细胞瘤患者还会出现脑神经功能受损,其中以外展神经功能受损最为多见 [7] [8] 。本例患者入院查体时存在右侧外展神经功能障碍,符合颅骨浆细胞瘤的临床表现。

颅骨浆细胞瘤的CT检查主要表现为单发性的溶骨性或膨胀性的骨质破坏,肿瘤密度均匀,肿瘤边缘可见残存的骨质或者钙化 [9] [10] 。MRI平扫表现为T1W1等信号或稍高信号,T2W2等信号或稍低信号影,增强扫描多表现明显均匀强化,临近脑膜和脑实质的肿瘤可见脑膜尾征 [11] 。颅骨浆细胞肿瘤虽然具有一定的影像学特征,但仍需要与其他颅内肿瘤鉴别:1) 脊索瘤:CT表现为软组织肿块伴溶骨性骨质破坏,肿瘤密度不均匀,边缘粗糙,MRI检查表现为T1W1低信号,T2W2高信号,部分肿瘤因纤维分隔可表现为特征性的“蜂房征”,增强扫描呈不均匀延迟强化。2) 嗜酸性肉芽肿:CT表现为颅骨局限性的骨质破坏,可穿透颅骨,骨质破坏区可出现小片致密骨质而表现为特征性的“纽扣征”,MRI检查表现为T1W1低信号,T2W2高信号,增强扫描呈不均匀强化。3) 脑膜瘤:CT大多表现为高密度影,内部可见钙化,邻近骨质可有骨质增生、骨质溶解。MRI检查表现为T1W1等或略低信号,T2W2等或稍高信号,增强扫描肿瘤均匀强化,可见脑膜尾征。此外颅骨浆细胞瘤还需要同鼻咽癌、神经鞘瘤、转移瘤等疾病进行鉴别 [12] 。

在诊断孤立性浆细胞瘤时需要同时排除同一疾病谱的其他疾病:1) 组织活检证实的克隆性浆细胞增殖引起的局部骨骼损害;2) 骨髓活检及骨髓细胞形态学检查无异常或少量浆细胞增殖(浆细胞 < 10%);3) 影像学检查未见其他部位病变;4) 不存在因单克隆性浆细胞异常增殖而引起的贫血、高钙血症和肾功能损害 [13] 。本例患者的特征与上述标准相符,因此可诊断为颅骨孤立性浆细胞瘤。

颅骨浆细胞肿瘤对放射治疗高度敏感,单纯放疗的局部控制率可达到90%。目前认为放疗是颅骨浆细胞瘤的首选治疗方式 [14] [15] 。根据国际淋巴瘤放疗合作组(ILROG)指南推荐,放疗区域应包含病灶本身及其周围2 cm区域,放疗方案的制定与肿瘤的大小相关,对于肿瘤直径 < 5 cm的孤立性骨浆细胞瘤,放疗剂量选择35~45 Gy,1.8~2.0 Gy/次;对于肿瘤直径 > 5 cm的孤立性骨浆细胞瘤,放疗总剂量可适当增加为40~50 Gy [16] 。对于出现结构稳定性受损或神经功能障碍的患者通常要给予手术治疗,并且需要在手术后行放射治疗,单纯手术治疗的复发率可达85%以上 [17] 。辅助治疗可在放疗后进行,治疗方案包括MP (美法仑 + 泼尼松)、TD (沙利度胺 + 地塞米松)等,治疗效果目前存在争议,在Holland等 [18] 进行的一项对32例患者的研究中发现,放疗联合化疗可将患者的无进展生存时间由29个月延长至59个月,但并不能改善患者的远期预后。本例患者选择手术切除肿瘤联合放疗的治疗方案,术中切除了肿瘤及被侵蚀的骨质,在术后讨论中我们考虑应用穿刺活检联合放疗的治疗方案或许能在治疗肿瘤的同时保留患者的正常颅骨结构。

颅骨孤立性浆细胞瘤患者的预后与其进展为多发性骨髓的风险密切相关,超过50%颅骨浆细胞瘤患者会在5年内进展为多发性骨髓瘤 [15] ,因此早期识别风险因素,评估进展风险对患者预后十分重要。年龄 > 60岁,肿瘤直径 > 5 cm,骨髓细胞学检查显示浆细胞增殖都是颅骨孤立性浆细胞瘤的不良预后因素 [17] [19] 。肿瘤的发生部位也是重要的风险预测因素,颅底孤立性浆细胞瘤相较于颅顶孤立性浆细胞瘤更容易且更快向多发性骨髓瘤进展。Kyle等研究发现确诊时血清自由轻链(FLC)比值异常且治疗后血清M蛋白持续存在超过1年以上患者5年内进展为多发性骨髓瘤的比率为62%,而不存在这两项因素的患者5年内进展率仅为17% [20] 。因此对于颅骨孤立性浆细胞瘤患者,完善的术前检查和定期的术后随访十分重要,目前推荐在放射治疗后的2年内,每3个月进行一次实验室检查和影像学检查,2年后可将复查间隔延长至6个月,本例患者由于其肿瘤直径 > 5 cm,也属于进展高风险组,因此仍需密切随访。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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