冲动型购买文献研究分析——以2016至2021年国际期刊为例
The Analysis of the Impulsive Buying Behavior Studies—Taking International Journals from 2016 to 2021 as Example
DOI: 10.12677/ASS.2021.107233, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 468  浏览: 1,127  科研立项经费支持
作者: 江紫璇, 李荣杰:北京师范大学珠海分校国际商学部,广东 珠海
关键词: 冲动购买文献分析国际期刊因果链接框架Impulse Buying Behavior Literature Review International Journals Causal-Chain Framework
摘要: 随着移动设备融入人们的购物行为中,购买行为不再受制于地点和时间的限制,冲动型购买越来越普遍,因此受到越来越多的学者关注。然而,近年来没有任何文献系统性地评估冲动购买的研究现状与趋势。因此,本文分析了2016年至2021年5月期间发表的冲动型购买国际期刊,利用了因果框架链接模型,进一步整理与分类出影响消费者冲动型购买的相关变量。最后,本文指出了现有文献的局限性并为后续研究提出几点建议,以帮助后续研究者更好地理解冲动型购买。
Abstract: With the integration of mobile devices into people’s shopping behaviors, purchasing behaviors are no longer restricted by place and time. Impulsive purchases are becoming more and more common, and more and more scholars pay attention to this research topic. However, no previous studies have been conducted to systematically review and evaluate the research status and trends of impulse buying. Therefore, this article reviews the impulse buying research published from 2016 to May 2021 and analyzes it using the causal-chain framework to further classify the relevant variables that affect consumers’ impulsive buying. Finally, this article points out the limitations of the existing literature and provides some suggestions for follow-up research to help us better understand impulse buying.
文章引用:江紫璇, 李荣杰. 冲动型购买文献研究分析——以2016至2021年国际期刊为例[J]. 社会科学前沿, 2021, 10(7): 1683-1697. https://doi.org/10.12677/ASS.2021.107233

1. 引言

当消费者遇到一个他想要的产品或者服务时,他们可能会经历激动的心情或者有一种不可抵抗的催促感让他们立刻购买 [1]。当消费者接受了这种诱惑的时候,这就是冲动型购买(impulse buying behavior) [2] [3]。冲动购买对于现代营销管理来说十分重要。根据不同的产品类别,冲动购买的产品占消费者的40%到80% [4]。在过去,冲动购买被定义成立刻购买一种产品或者服务。同时也被定义成在某一个场景的决定,而这种决定是被商店的空间和消费者的感觉所影响的。Rook (1987)则认为冲动购买是一种被定义成没有购买计划的决定,通常伴随着消费者对外界刺激的积极情绪和反映 [1]。消费者冲动购买和消费者日常购买决策是不同的,冲动购买是令我们感受到刺激的,是一个很意外的举动,而上述中的常规购买通常是沉思的、习惯性的 [5]。在中国,随着社会经济的发展,消费者的冲动型购买变得十分普遍,因此引起了国内众多学者的关注 [6] [7] [8]。根据唐国帏调查研究,消费者的冲动性购买某些产品的数量在总销售中占比80% [9]。此外,Liu等学者在中国所做的研究,他们发现高达40%的线上消费者是冲动购买者 [10]。据估计,每年在冲动型方式的购物中大约有40亿美元的花费 [11]。Merzer (2014)的一项调查发现在1000个美国人中,有75%的调查者曾经线上冲动购买 [12]。由于网上购物的普及和便利性,在中国线上冲动购买更加明显 [13]。2017年1月,Princeton调查研究协会表明31%的调查者有着线上冲动购买的经历 [14]。根据credit card网站的调查,44%的调查者做过冲动购买的决定,其中年轻人群体超过了80% [8]。由此可见,冲动购买在国内外的行为十分普遍,并且对经济也有着一定的影响。因此,冲动购买是消费者的购买行为中重要的行为。

在现有和关冲动购买相关的文献当中,学者从多个视角帮助我们更全面地认识冲动购买 [5] [15]。然而目前的冲动购买的文献中仍然缺乏系统性的整理和研究。本文针对近5年(2016年至2021年5月)以来与冲动购买的相关文章来进行文献分析,来帮助我们更好地了解冲动型购买的现状与趋势。这篇文章的研究意义有两个方面,第一是对影响冲动购买的因素进行分类和整合,以了解不同类型的因素如何对冲动型购买产生影响。第二是透过本文了解现有文献的不足,并且对冲动型购买研究提出未来方向。本文分为四个部分,首先近6年来冲动购买文献的采用概况,然后对冲动购买的研究领域进行分析和介绍,并且将影响冲动购买的前因、中介、调节变量进行整理和分类,最后并且讨论了现有冲动购买领域的局限性和未来研究方向。

2. 研究概述

2.1. 文献筛选流程

为了更好地分析冲动购买目前的研究情况,本篇文章在Web of Science和Science Direct数据库中对Impulsive buying behavior做了一个关键词的文献检索。在筛选条件当中条件中,本文依据现有综述类型文献的建议 [16] [17],把搜索时间范围跨度设为5年,即2016年至2021年5月份。本文选取了article类别,在文章的来源方面,本文主要以国际期刊论文为主并且以英文撰写,会议、无模型论文、非英文论文以及教科书等排除在外,最后筛选出84篇文章。图1按年份汇总了这些文献,在纳入分析的84篇文献当中,2020年发表的论文占比最大,达到33.3%,中国学者发表的文献占整体的41.7%。

2.2. 论文研究分布概况

2.2.1. 论文出版年份分布情况

2016年至2021年5月的文章分布情况如图1所示。从这些数据我们可以看出,在这段时间内,有关冲动购买的相关文献数量总体呈上升趋势。从这一趋势来看,人们对冲动购买的关注度随着时间的推移正在逐渐增加。

Figure 1. The distribution of publication year of study literature

图1. 2016至2021年3月冲动购买论文出版年份分布图

本文对以上筛选后文献所发表的期刊进行了统计,如表1所示。在所分析的文献中,来源最多的期刊是International Journal of Information Management (5篇)与Journal of Retailer and Consumer Services (5篇),其次是Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business (4篇)、Journal of Consumer Behavior (3篇)、International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management (3篇)、Computers Inhuman Behavior (3篇)、Journal of Indian Business Research (3篇)、Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistic (2篇)、Heliyon (2篇)、Marketing Letters (2篇)、Journal of International Consumer Marketing (2篇)、Casopis Za Ekonomiju I Trzisne Komunikacije (2篇)、Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (2篇)、Industrial Management Data Systems (2篇)、Journal of International Consumer Marketing (2篇)、Journal of Internet Commerce (2篇)及 Marketing Intelligence Planning (2篇)。

3. 影响冲动购买的因素

在这84篇文献中,我们为了对影响冲动购买的变量进行更深的研究,通过采用Abdelsalam等人研究出的因果链接框架:前因变量–中介变量–调节变量–结果变量(Antecedents-Mediators-Moderators-Outcomes) [18],筛选出符合该模型的61篇文献,并将这些文献影响冲动购买的因素放入相应的框架。该框架如图2所示,并将这些因素进行解释说明。在不同的文献,同一因素可能会在不同的位置,比如,Qiu等人将impulse buying tendency作为中介变量 [19],而Liu与Zhang的文献中把impulse buying tendency作为结果 [10]。

Table 1. The amounts of publications related to the impulsive buying behavior in each journal from 2016 to 2021

表1. 2016年至2021年5月各期刊发表冲动购买相关文献数量(两篇及以上)

Figure 2. Antecedents-mediators-moderators-outcomes model

图2. 前因变量–中介变量–调节变量–结果变量

3.1. 前因因素

前因因素指的是在行为之前的一种刺激或者是提示,形成了这个因果链接的框架的输入 [18]。Abdelsalam等人认为,在电子商务的背景下,影响消费者冲动购买的前因可以分成四类,分别为社会相关因素、网站相关因素、消费者特征和营销相关因素 [18]。此这篇文章在这个分类基础、上将前因进行分类。在这四类因素中,消费者个人因素被使用的次数最多。其中,在之前的文献中已经研究了103个消费者特征相关因素,如表4所示。Hedonic and Utilitarian Motivation是被发现影响冲动购买的最重要的消费者个人相关因素。

3.1.1. 社会相关因素

在之前的研究中,有19篇文章的前因涉及到社会相关因素,如下述表2所示。在社会相关因素中Observational Learning的使用频次最高,现有文献将基于行为的社会互动定义为观察性学习(OL) [75]。Zafar和Xu等学者认为消费者通过观察其他的消费者的行为传达出来的信号能够影响自身的冲动购买 [21] [22],他们认为人们往往对高销量和收藏度高的产品有更强的好感,因此社交媒体上的相关信息线索会影响消费者的冲动购买。

Table 2. Social related antecedents that influence impulse buying

表2. 影响冲动购买的社会相关前因因素

3.1.2. 消费者相关因素

消费者相关因素在冲动购买的前因占了很大一部分。其中,感知有用性是被定义为顾客在使用后的感受,并且可以影响顾客的满意度 [36] [40] [41]。举例来说,Do等人将SOR模型和TAM结合起来,采取了感知有用性对冲动购买进行分析 [40]。享乐型和功利型动机以及信任也被认为是消费者相关因素 [20] [36] [37] [38]。除了这些以外,还有许多被认为带有消费者个人主观色彩的因素也包括在内,比如感知风险,感知利益,价格敏感度等等因素,如表3所示。

Table 3. Consumer related antecedents that influence impulse buying

表3. 影响冲动购买的消费者相关前因因素

3.1.3. 网站相关因素

在网站相关因素上,visual appeal作为使用频次最高的网站相关因素。之前的学者认为网站的设计和网站的视觉上吸引可以作为影响消费者冲动购买的前因 [26] [37] [67]。表4显示了影响冲动购买其他的网站相关因素的前因。

Table 4. Website related antecedents that influence impulse buying

表4. 影响冲动购买的网站相关前因因素

3.1.4. 营销相关因素

现有的文献对营销相关因素作为前因的研究大部分涉及到了促销 [10] [25] [34] [73]。营销相关因素相比较其他类别的因素的使用频次较少,研究人员对这一部分的关注度并不算高。其他因素如表5所示。

Table 5. Marketing related antecedents that influence impulse buying

表5. 影响冲动购买的营销相关前因因素

3.2. 中介变量

中介变量是指在因果关系中的位于前因与结果之间的变量 [77],如表6。在本文统计结果中,应用次数最高的“positive affect”与“Impulsive buying tendency”总共有6次。接着是“Perceived Enjoyment”为5次。其中,有一篇探讨论新冠疫情的情境,Ahmed将social media fake news (社交媒体报道的虚假新闻)作为中介变量,探讨了人们对封闭生活的恐惧下,生活必需品和食物的缺少等因素会增加社交媒体上虚假新闻的传播,进而影响人们在疫情期间的冲动购买的影响因素 [26]。其他的因素见表6

Table 6. Mediators that influence impulse buying

表6. 影响冲动购买的中介因素

3.3. 调节因素

调节因素是指某个可以加强或削弱自变量和因变量之间的关系的因素。根据表7所示,在分析的文献中,使用频数最高的是“gender”性别因素,一共出现了4次。在做决策的情景下,性别是最重要的调节因素 [43]。举例来说,Zhang等人将性别作为调节,他们发现当女性在线上购买产品时,她们往往对经济利益的敏感度比男人更高。而男性比较容易将购买当作一项任务,他们将浏览购物网站视为完成这项任务的必要过程 [43]。

Table 7. Moderators that influence impulse buying

表7. 影响冲动购买的调节因素

3.4. 结果变量

在结果变量中,本文将现有冲动购买文献进行统计分析,如表8所示。根据本文的结果,Impulse buying/Impulse purchase为现有文献讨论最多的,有43篇。接着,有7篇为Urge to buy impulsively。我们可以看出目前文献在结果变量的研究上,还是比较单一。

Table 8. Outcomes about impulse buying

表8. 影响冲动购买的结果因素

4. 结论与未来展望

冲动购买在现代营销管理中,引起了学者的广泛关注。本篇文章通过对影响消费者冲动购买的因素进行分析,帮助我们更好地理解冲动购买。我们首先通过年份和期刊进行分类,其中2020年发表的有关冲动购买的文章是最多的。本文影响消费者冲动购买因素采用因果框架链接模型进一步细分为四大类,我们得出消费者个人特征相关因素是目前为止使用在冲动购买领域中占比相当大的一个因素。这对于以后研究该领域的学者也有一定帮助。

基于对以上的文章系统地分析,我们还发现现有的文章仍然存在着一定的局限性,这些局限性的存在同时为进一步的研究提供了机会。第一,本文的文献检索是在web of science和science direct数据库下impulse buying进行检索,对文献搜索不够全面,因此本文认为在后续的研究当中可以纳入其他的数据库进行检索,以便我们对冲动购买有更好的了解。

第二,以上所有文献的研究采用问卷调查法和情景模拟实验法。而这两种调查方法本身也具有一定的局限性。比如,在模拟情景的情况下,参与实验人员可能会对他认为的研究人员所期望的趋势来做出反应或者选择。在问卷调查的情况下,参与问卷调查的人员的选择也可能以自己理想的行为来填问卷,并不能完全真实反应。因此,本文认为在后续研究中可以整合多种研究方法,如定量(如问卷法)及定性(如深度访谈)研究方法,以得到更稳定的结果。

第三,目前文献对于冲动购买可以区分为四种类型:提示性冲动购买,暗示性冲动购买,计划冲动购买和纯粹冲动购买 [1]。然而现有的文献对于这四种不同类型冲动购买研究鲜少,且没有对四种冲动购买的差异进行更深入地研究。因此,未来研究可以探讨这四种冲动型购买的影响因素。

最后,文化是影响消费者行为的关键变量,但在现有的冲动型购买文献中却没有讨论该变量。未来的研究可以加入文化因素作为调节变量。以往的研究表明,文化会影响到消费者的购买 [80]。不同宗教或者地区的人们可能购买行为的文化有所差异,未来研究可以探讨在不同的文化背景下,如何影响消费者的冲动购买。

致谢

本文来自于北京师范大学珠海分校国际商学部励学计划的支持。

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