阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者勃起功能障碍相关因素分析
Analysis of Factors Related to Erectile Dysfunction in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
摘要: 目的:分析OSA患者发生ED的相关因素,并探讨其可能的机制。方法:选取2022年1月~2022年6月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院高血压科就诊的OSA受试者732例,依据国际勃起功能指数量表(IIEF-5)评估勃起功能,将254例ED患者作为病例组,478例非ED受试者作为对照组。分析比较两组患者一般资料、PSG指标、相关量表评分的差异,多因素Logistic回归分析ED的相关因素,Spearman相关用于分析IIEF-5评分和AHI与其他因素的相关性。结果:ED与非ED患者在年龄(P < 0.001)、腹围(P = 0.002)、腰围(P = 0.001)、AHI (P = 0.015)、平均血氧饱和度(P = 0.003)、嗜睡评分(P = 0.005)和抑郁评分(P < 0.001)等方面有明显差异。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄[OR = 1.053, 95%CI (1.032~1.073), P < 0.001]、腰围[OR = 1.030, 95%CI (1.014~1.047), P < 0.001]、抑郁状态[OR = 1.059, 95%CI (1.040~1.078), P < 0.001]是ED的影响因素。Spearman相关分析显示,OSA患者的IIEF-5评分与AHI (r = −0.088, P < 0.018)呈负相关。结论:OSA与ED明显相关,年龄、腰围及抑郁状态是OSA患者ED的独立危险因素。
Abstract: Objective: To analyze the factors related to the occurrence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to explore the potential mechanisms involved. Methods: A total of 732 subjects with OSA, who visited the Hypertension Department of the People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January 2022 to June 2022, were selected. Erectile func-tion was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5). Among them, 254 patients with ED were designated as the case group, while 478 non-ED subjects formed the control group. The study involved analyzing and comparing general information, polysomnography (PSG) indicators, and related scale scores between the two groups. Multifactorial logistic regression analy-sis was used to identify factors related to ED, and Spearman’s correlation was utilized to analyze the relationship between IIEF-5 scores, Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI), and other factors. Results: Signif-icant differences were observed between ED and non-ED patients in terms of age (P < 0.001), ab-dominal circumference (P = 0.002), waist circumference (P = 0.001), AHI (P = 0.015), mean blood oxygen saturation (P = 0.003), sleepiness score (P = 0.005), and depression score (P < 0.001). Mul-tifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that age [OR = 1.053, 95%CI (1.032~1.073), P < 0.001], waist circumference [OR = 1.030, 95%CI (1.014~1.047), P < 0.001], and depression [OR = 1.059, 95%CI (1.040~1.078), P < 0.001] are influencing factors for ED. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between the IIEF-5 score and AHI (r = −0.088, P < 0.018) in OSA patients. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between OSA and ED. Age, waist circum-ference, and depression status are independent risk factors for ED in patients with OSA.
文章引用:张成祥, 张晓伟, 张德莲. 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者勃起功能障碍相关因素分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 2453-2461. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142344

1. 前言

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, OSAS)是一种常见的呼吸系统疾病,由于睡眠期间反复上气道狭窄阻塞、气流中断,从而引起低氧血症和高碳酸血症,通常以睡眠打鼾和白天嗜睡为主要临床表现 [1] [2] [3] 。据报道,全球患病率在9%~38%之间 [4] 。OSA会对身体各个系统产生不同程度的损害,引起一系列并发症,如高血压、胰岛素抵抗、心脑血管疾病及勃起功能障碍(Erectile dysfunction, ED)等 [5] [6] ,其中勃起功能障碍(ED)越来越受到大众的重视。

勃起功能障碍(ED)在男性中非常常见,严重影响男性的生活质量。根据欧洲泌尿外科协会指南共识,勃起功能障碍(ED)被定义为无法获得或维持足够的勃起以进行满意的性交 [7] 。有研究显示,在OSAHS人群中,ED患病率高达69% [8] 。尽管OSA患者ED的患病率很高,但OSA导致ED的因素并不完全清楚,既往研究也得出了不同的结论,需要样本量更大的人群来进一步验证,因此本研究以一个大样本量的人群来分析OSA患者发生ED的相关因素,并探讨其可能的机制。

2. 对象和方法

2.1. 研究对象

选取2022年1月~2022年6月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院高血压科就诊完成多导睡眠检测(poly- somnography, PSG)且年龄在18~60周岁的男性作为研究对象。OSA的诊断是依据2013版美国睡眠医学学会成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停诊断指南的评分标准,呼吸睡眠低通气指数(AHI) ≥ 5次/小时者可确诊 OSA。OSA严重程度分级:轻度(5 ≤ AHI < 15),中度(15 ≤ AHI < 30)和重度(AHI ≥ 30)。排除有严重心脑血管疾病如冠心病、心力衰竭、脑卒中,代谢性疾病如糖尿病、甲状腺疾病,严重呼吸系统疾病及自身免疫性疾病的患者后,最终纳入OSA患者732人,所有患者被告知研究方案,均签订知情同意书,研究经新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院伦理委员会审核通过。

2.2. 研究方法

2.2.1. 一般资料

通过医院电子病历系统获取纳入人群的一般人口统计数据,包括年龄、身高、体重、颈围、腹围、血压、吸烟史、饮酒史、实验室检查等基本信息。

2.2.2. PSG检查

采用澳大利亚Compumedics公司生产的44道睡眠监测仪。软件为Profusion PSG睡眠分析软件,监测项目包括脑电图、眼动电图、鼻口气流、胸腹运动、血氧饱和度、心电图、腿动、体位,所有受试者均完成1夜7 h以上的睡眠监测。根据睡眠监测结果筛选出OSA患者。

2.2.3. 问卷评估

依据中文版勃起功能国际指数(IIEF-5)问卷评估,IIEF-5 ≥ 22分判断为无ED,<22分判断为ED,其中≤7分为重度、8~11为中度、12~21为轻度。采用Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)评估研究对象的白天嗜睡程度。ESS得分 > 6分提示瞌睡,>11分表示过度瞌睡,>16分提示有危险性瞌睡。抑郁自评量表(SDS)用于评估研究对象的抑郁状态,标准分 = 总分 × 1.25后取整数。标准分53~62分提示轻度抑郁,63~72提示中度抑郁,>72分重度抑郁。

2.3. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行统计分析。计量资料以均数 ± 标准差形式或中位数(四分位数间距)形式描述,计数资料以百分比表示。两组之间使用独立样本t检验或曼–惠特尼U检验(Mann-Whitney U检验)进行比较,三组之间使用单因素方差分析或克鲁斯卡尔–沃利斯H检验(Kruskal-Wallis H检验)进行比较,计数资料以卡方检验(X2检验)来计算组成比并进行比较。Spearman相关分析用于检验资料之间的相关性,在单变量分析中发现显著的变量被纳入多变量分析,并进行二元Logistic回归分析。以P < 0.05为有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 人群基线特征

人群的基线特征如表1所示,共有732名OSA患者被纳入研究。平均年龄为44.77 ± 8.61岁,中位BMI为27.77 (25.86~30.04) kg/m2,中位AHI值为24.30 (12.50~44.90)次/分,中位T90为20.60 (5.03~72.50)分钟,中位ED评分为20.00 (15.00~22.00)。

对患有ED的OSA患者和未患有ED的OSA患者进行比较,结果显示,OSA合并ED的有254人,OSA不合并ED的有478人,患有ED的OSA患者的年龄(P < 0.001)、腹围(P = 0.002)、腰围(P = 0.001)、AHI (P = 0.015)、嗜睡量表评分(P = 0.005)和抑郁量表评分(P < 0.001)均显著高于未患有ED的OSA患者,平均血氧饱和度(P = 0.003)和ED评分(P < 0.001)均显著低于未患有ED的OSA患者。但在吸烟(P = 0.188)、饮酒(P = 0.097)、BMI (P = 0.069)、颈围(P = 0.234)、收缩压(P = 0.273)、最低血氧饱和度(P = 0.332)和T90 (P = 0.079)等方面两组之间无明显差异(表1)。

Table 1. Demographic characteristics and related clinical phenotypes of OSA patients with and without erectile dysfunction

表1. OSA伴ED和不伴ED的人口学基本情况及相关临床表型

3.2. OSA合并ED组患者相关因素的二元Logistic回归分析

将上述单因素分析有统计学差异的变量进一步构建多因素logistic回归方程,以OR值 > 1.00为危险因素,OR值 < 1.00为保护因素。结果可知,年龄对OSA合并ED的影响具有统计学意义[OR = 1.053, 95%CI (1.032~1.073), P < 0.001];腰围对OSA合并ED的影响具有统计学意义[OR = 1.030, 95%CI (1.014~1.047), P < 0.001];抑郁状态对OSA合并ED的影响具有统计学意义[OR = 1.059, 95%CI (1.040~1.078), P < 0.001]。这表明,年龄、腰围及抑郁状态是OSA合并ED患者的独立危险因素(表2)。

Table 2. Binary logistic regression analysis of factors associated with the onset of erectile dysfunction in OSA patients

表2. OSA患者ED发病相关因素的二元logistic回归分析

3.3. OSA患者IIEF-5评分及AHI与其他因素相关性分析

OSA患者的IIEF-5评分与年龄(r = −0.257, P < 0.001)、BMI(r = −0.075, P = 0.043)、腹围(r = −0.117, P = 0.002)、腰围(r = −0.120, P = 0.001)、抑郁量表评分(r = −0.311, P < 0.001)及AHI (r = −0.088, P < 0.018)呈负相关,与平均舒张压(r = 0.123, P = 0.001)呈正相关;与颈围(P = 0.599)、收缩压(P = 0.243)、T90 (P = 0.053)、平均血氧饱和度(P = 0.088)、最低血氧饱和度(P = 0.239)及嗜睡量表评分(P = 0.241)无显著相关性(表3)。

OSA患者的AHI与年龄(r = 0.087, P = 0.019)、BMI (r = 0.329, P <0.001)、颈围(r = 0.317, P < 0.001)、腹围(r = 0.309, P < 0.001)、腰围(r = 0.306, P < 0.001)、收缩压(r = 0.152, P < 0.001)、舒张压(r = 0.164, P < 0.001)、T90 (r = 0.692, P < 0.001)及嗜睡量表评分(r = 0.140, P < 0.001)呈正相关;与平均血氧饱和度(r = −0.457, P < 0.001)、最低血氧饱和度(r = −0.663, P < 0.001)及IIEF-5评分(r = −0.088, P = 0.018)呈负相关;与抑郁量表评分(P = 0.827)无明显相关(表3)。

Table 3. Correlation analysis between IIEF-5 scores, AHI, and other factors in OSA patients

表3. OSA患者IIEF-5评分和AHI与其他因素相关性分析

4. 讨论

本研究结果显示,与OSA患者ED发病有关的因素有年龄(P < 0.001)、BMI (P = 0.044)、腹围(P = 0.003)、腰围(P = 0.002)、AHI (P = 0.009)、平均血氧饱和度(P = 0.009)、T90 (P = 0.009)、嗜睡评分(P = 0.005)和抑郁评分(P < 0.001)等。进行多因素回归分析后发现,只有年龄(P < 0.001)、腰围(P < 0.001)和抑郁评分(P < 0.001)有统计学差异,这表明,年龄、腰围及抑郁状态是OSA患者发生ED的独立危险因素。这与既往研究结果相似 [9] 。既往有研究发现 [10] ,吸烟和饮酒是OSA和ED重要的风险因素,但本研究并未发现两组在吸烟(P = 0.188)和饮酒(P = 0.097)方面有明显差异。在相关性分析中,我们发现IIEF-5评分与年龄(P < 0.001)、BMI (P = 0.043)、腹围(P = 0.002)、腰围(P = 0.001)、抑郁评分(P < 0.001)及AHI (P = 0.018)有显著相关性,这进一步证明了以上发现。同时,我们还分析了AHI与其他因素的相关性,结果发现,AHI与年龄(P = 0.019)、BMI (P < 0.001)、颈围(P < 0.001)、腹围(P < 0.001)、腰围(P < 0.001)、收缩压(P < 0.001)、舒张压(P < 0.001)、T90 (P < 0.001)、平均血氧饱和度(P < 0.001)、最低血氧饱和度(P < 0.001)、嗜睡评分(P < 0.001)及抑郁评分(P < 0.001)均有显著相关性。这与以下研究基本一致,Margel等人 [11] 研究发现,OSA严重程度(主要是AHI值)可能与ED的严重程度密切相关。Tokgoz等人 [12] 也发现,随着OSAS严重程度的增加,IIEF5评分有下降的趋势。

OSAS导致ED的相关机制还不完全清楚,主要有以下几种可能:(1) 性激素水平。下丘脑–垂体–性腺轴是人体重要的调控系统,可介导分泌多种激素,如促甲状腺激素释放激素、促生长激素释放激素、促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)等,其中GnRH可调节垂体合成和释放促性腺激素,进一步刺激性腺释放雌激素、孕激素和睾酮(Ts)。既往有研究表明,OSAS患者的性激素水平较低,并导致勃起障碍 [13] [14] [15] 。Zhang [13] 等人的研究发现,与单纯打鼾患者相比,严重OSAS患者的睾酮水平和IIEF-5评分显著降低;Li [16] 等人也得出了类似的结果,他们发现,与无ED患者相比,OSAS伴ED患者病情更严重,血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)和睾酮(Ts)水平更低。OSA导致的缺氧、高碳酸血症损伤下丘脑–垂体–性腺轴,使OSAS患者性激素分泌异常,尤其是睾酮水平下降,引发ED。此外,反复觉醒引发睡眠结构紊乱,破坏了睡眠相关的血睾酮分泌节律,使夜间血睾酮分泌明显降低 [17] 。另有研究发现,肥胖人群较健康人更易发生性功能障碍 [18] [19] 。肥胖受体主要存在于下丘脑,但在睾丸、卵巢等多种器官组织中也有少量表达,猜测,由于睾丸内肥胖受体的过度表达,影响睾丸分泌睾酮,从而导致性功能下降或者发生性功能障碍。(2) 内皮功能障碍。内皮障碍包括一氧化氮(NO)减少和内皮素水平升高。NO是人体内重要的舒血管物质,在维持勃起功能方面发挥着很大的作用 [20] 。NO合成过程需要一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的催化,在啮齿动物中进行的缺氧实验支持这一观点。在大鼠中,ED的发生是由于NADPH氧化酶的激活,活性氧生成增加,导致NO合酶活性受损 [21] [22] 。在小鼠中观察到,慢性间歇性缺氧会降低勃起组织中内皮NO合酶的表达 [23] 。同样在人类研究中也有这方面的直接证据,蒋光峰等人 [24] 发现OSAS患者NO及NOS水平均较对照组降低,且与OSAS严重程度呈负相关,并推测OSAS患者性功能障碍的发生可能与NO及NOS水平减少有关。(3) 缺氧与低氧血症。从病理生理角度看,OSAS患者睡眠中上气道的反复塌陷导致慢性间断缺氧,这是患者出现一系列合并症的主要原因 [25] 。Goncalves等人 [26] 报道,OSAS合并ED的患者中,低血氧饱和度(SaO2 < 80%)的比例很高。在他们的研究中,严重的ED等同于SaO2百分比下降。Fanfulla 等人 [27] 也给出了类似的结果。睡眠期间反复发生的低氧血症、高碳酸血症,导致机体交感神经兴奋和副交感神经抑制,血浆儿茶酚胺水平升高。儿茶酚胺是人体内的强缩血管物质,会加强阴茎血管的收缩,男性最终表现为性功能下降 [28] 。同时,以往也有研究发现,低氧血症和高碳酸血症抑制了血管释放一氧化氮(NO),导致勃起组织相关病理生理改变而出现ED [29] ;其次,低氧也会抑制睾酮分泌,体内低水平的睾酮进一步影响男性性功能;另一方面,长期低氧环境会诱导雄激素转化为雌激素,降低体内雄激素水平,影响性功能。(4) 神经功能障碍。在受到性刺激时,副交感神经活动的增加会导致海绵状神经末梢释放神经递质和阴茎血管内皮细胞释放松弛因子,最终使阴茎血管充血勃起 [30] 。Fanfulla等人 [27] 在OSAS患者中描述了骶段神经受累是引起ED的早期迹象,球海绵体反射(BCR)与局部周围神经病变相关的功能障碍是男性OSAS患者ED的潜在机制。OSAS患者夜间间歇性缺氧引起周围神经轴突和髓鞘病变,阻断/延迟神经信号传输,海绵体反射的反应时间延长,导致阴茎勃起障碍 [30] 。(5) 精神心理因素。抑郁症是OSAS患者最重要的精神障碍,Taskin等人 [31] 报告说,随着AHI的增加,患者的心理状况会恶化,引起心境障碍、抑郁发生,进而导致ED;Dasdemir等人 [32] 在一项关于OSAS与早泄关系的研究中发现,OSAS组的失业率更高,患者变得抑郁,从而加剧了早泄的发生。其他的影响因素还包括年龄、血压、肥胖、炎症、药物等,需要进一步研究 [33] 。

总之,这项研究为OSA与ED之间的关系提供了进一步的证据。年龄、腰围及抑郁状态是OSA患者ED的独立危险因素。未来需要更复杂、设计更严谨的研究来探讨OSA和ED发生的机制,为临床诊治和进一步研究提供参考。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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