急性胰腺炎后并发糖尿病的研究进展
Research Progress of Diabetes Mellitus after Acute Pancreatitis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1371515, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 269  浏览: 439 
作者: 夏 晶:青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁;吴海涛:青海大学附属医院急诊内科,青海 西宁
关键词: 急性胰腺炎糖尿病急性胰腺炎后糖尿病非酒精性脂肪肝发病机制Acute Pancreatitis Diabetes Diabetes after Acute Pancreatitis NAFLD Pathogenesis
摘要: 随着我国经济发展水平的提高人们的生活、作息、饮食水平的改变,急性胰腺炎是患者向急诊科就诊的常见原因,胰腺是与消化道相连的最大腺体之一,也是兼有内、外分泌功能的器官。其所分泌的胰岛素是人体内惟一有降低血糖作用的激素。急性胰腺炎后糖尿病的发病率仅次于二型糖尿病成为第二大常见原因,其发病年龄较年轻、易复发、预后差等临床特点,急性胰腺炎后糖尿病越来越被人们重视。本文对急性胰腺炎后糖尿病的病因、临床特点、发病机制、诊断方面及影响因素予以综述。
Abstract: With the improvement of China’s economic development level and changes in people’s living, rest, and diet, acute pancreatitis is a common cause for patients to seek medical attention from the emergency department. The pancreas is one of the largest glands connected to the digestive tract and is also an organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions. The insulin secreted by it is the only hormone in the human body that has the effect of lowering blood sugar. The incidence rate of diabetes after acute pancreatitis is only second to type 2 diabetes as the second most common cause. Its clinical characteristics such as younger onset age, easy recurrence, poor prognosis, etc., and dia-betes after acute pancreatitis are increasingly valued. This article reviews the etiology, clinical characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis and influencing factors of diabetes after acute pancreatitis.
文章引用:夏晶, 吴海涛. 急性胰腺炎后并发糖尿病的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(7): 10848-10853. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371515

1. 引言

胰腺是与消化道相连的最大腺体之一,是一个具有外分泌和内分泌成分的双重功能器官,这些成分对营养物质的消化、吸收和代谢至关重要。正常的消化需要胰腺的外分泌功能来消化大量营养物质。这主要通过胰腺酶的酶水解发生,特别是脂肪酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶(胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶) [1] 。营养物质的消化不良和吸收不良,是原发性功能实质丧失和(或)继发性胰腺外分泌功能受损和胰腺酶活性不足的结果。急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是最常见的胰腺疾病,不仅会导致急性期的严重发病率和死亡率,还会导致长期的代谢后遗症。AP的过程主要是由消化酶的不适当激活引起的胰腺实质的自动消化驱动的,这会破坏胰腺的整体结构,导致腺泡细胞死亡、胰腺萎缩以及内分泌和外分泌功能的丧失 [2] 。与恶心、呕吐相关的不稳定性,严重和持续的上腹部疼痛是典型的症状。更罕见的情况是,腹部症状可能不存在,这可能是误诊的原因,并延迟正确的治疗 [3] 。尽管大多数(75%~80%) AP发作是轻微的、自我限制的 [4] [5] ,但长期后果仍然存在 [6] 。胰腺所分泌的胰岛素是人体内惟一有降低血糖作用的激素,在调节血糖稳态的过程中起着关键作用。近年来,AP后的胰腺内分泌功能不全以及糖代谢受损或糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)越来越受到关注。

2. 急性胰腺炎后糖尿病(PPDM-A)

2.1. PPDM-A介绍

胰腺炎后并发糖尿病被称为胰腺炎后糖尿病(又被称为3c型糖尿病),具有与其他类型的DM不同的生理病理机制和临床表现。但是由于对3c型糖尿病缺乏足够的认识,临床上多将胰腺外分泌功能紊乱所致的DM误判为2型糖尿病,这对患者的治疗而言无疑是极其不利的。胰腺炎后糖尿病是一种以胰岛素分泌缺陷、胰岛素作用缺陷或两者兼有引起的高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病,是全世界范围内日益严重的健康问题 [7] 。DM (包括3c型糖尿病)和糖代谢受损是常见的,并且在AP后越来越被重视。在DM的类型中,3c型糖尿病是一个越来越被认可的实体,并且已经被发现是AP之后发生的DM [8] 。虽然人们过去认为AP是一种自限性疾病,但最近的研究表明,急性胰腺炎后的个体往往会出现代谢后遗症 [9] 。特别是,在急性胰腺炎第一次发作后,高达40%的个体发展为胰腺炎后糖尿病(PPDM) [10] 。PPDM是外分泌胰腺最常见的糖尿病亚型,外分泌胰腺又是成年人第二常见的新发糖尿病类型 [11] [12] [13] ,已知与2型糖尿病相比,PPDM会导致更高的死亡率和住院风险 [14] [15] 。AP后近40%的患者出现糖尿病前期和(或) DM,AP后近25%的患者出现DM,其中70%需要永久性胰岛素治疗。此外,AP的严重程度似乎对糖尿病前期或AP后的DM几乎没有影响。严重AP后的患者糖尿病前期(20%)和DM (30%)的患病率仅略高。这项系统综述还表明,糖尿病前期和DM在AP后很早就非常普遍。在AP首次发作后12个月内,糖尿病前期和DM的患病率分别为19%和15% [16] 。AP是DM的一个公认原因,虽然坏死(无论是否手术)导致的胰腺炎后糖尿病的主要原因,但超过70%的患者没有或少于30%的坏死,78%的患者得到了保守治疗。此外,疾病严重程度对发展为DM的风险似乎没有影响。这表明,DM可能是由于坏死以外的机制在AP后发展的 [16] 。

2.2. 发病机制

AP相关DM的病理生理学尚不完全清楚,但可能是多因素的。在AP患者中约一半的患者会出现血糖升高的现象 [17] ,传统观点认为与糖代谢紊乱有关。具体考虑与以下因素相关:首先,人体在短暂的应激状态下,由于胰岛素分泌减少,胰高血糖素等升血糖激素分泌相对增多,从而促使脂肪和蛋白质分解加剧,肝脏糖异生过程增强;其次,机体交感神经系统兴奋 后,促使肝糖原分解并抑制胰岛B细胞分泌的儿茶酚胺类物质分泌增多,结果引起血糖升高并加重内源性胰岛素分泌不足;此外,胰腺急性炎症过程中,由于胰腺组织本身的缺血、坏死导致的胰腺自身的血液循环障碍,进而引起胰腺功能障碍,影响胰岛素的生成分泌;最后,AP可伴有胰岛素抵抗的情况,结果是引起患者血糖升高。一项研究还表明,急性疾病中短暂的高血糖状态会增加患DM的风险 [18] ;此外,有研究发现,PPDM-A由于β细胞功能受损和胰岛素抵抗会导致血清葡萄糖耐受不良 [19] 。近年来,急性胰腺炎后早期高血糖与胰腺炎的严重程度的相关性受到越来越多的重视,以前常将血糖代谢紊乱视为是疾病过程的一过性表现,所以长期以来AP患者康复后血糖的监测与管理并未得到重视。AP发病的核心机制在于局部或者全身性的炎症反应,当炎症引起胰腺受损时,外分泌腺及内分泌腺往往会同时受到影响 [20] ,胰岛内分泌组织的炎症、硬化和纤维化会导致产生胰岛素的胰岛细胞总数减少,从而引起血糖代谢障碍,进而发展为3c型糖尿病 [21] 。由于炎症会波及到朗格汉斯岛内的所有细胞,所以3c型糖尿病患者早期就会出现胰岛素抵抗及胰岛素缺乏双向特征。

另外有些研究表明可能原因是:a) 胰岛细胞质量损失,b) AP诱导的自身免疫,c) 共同的病因风险因素,d) 局部和全身炎症反应,和/或e) 胰岛素肠促胰岛素轴的改变 [7] 。还有些研究认为根据诊断标准,所有3c型糖尿病患者都表现出胰腺外分泌功能不全 [22] 的症状,与1型和2型糖尿病患者相比,这种胰腺外分泌功能不全更严重,刺激碳酸氢盐和胰蛋白酶输出 [23] ,降低粪便弹性蛋白酶水平 [24] 。由于外分泌细胞和内分泌细胞之间的密切解剖关系,3c型糖尿病可能是由原发性胰腺外分泌疾病的进展引起的,该疾病通过胰腺炎症或纤维化破坏胰岛细胞 [25] [26] 。

2.3. 影像学

CT/MRI下观察糖尿病组与非糖尿病组在影像学表现上的异同,结果发现糖尿病组胰腺坏死率及局部并发症的发生率均高于非糖尿病组(P < 0.05),这可能是由于① 糖尿病时,高浓度血糖使胰腺局部毛细血管扩张,血管壁受损,再加之伴随的酸中毒、高渗性脱水以及一过性的高甘油三脂血症等会加重胰腺组织缺血、缺氧,从而引起胰腺组织的自身消化,使其易发生坏死,而胰腺坏死后其容易发生胰周液体积聚等局部并发症。这与张 [27] 等的研究结果相一致,他发现血糖越高,胰腺坏死的发生率越高,且坏死范围越广,程度越严重。② 糖尿病患者容易并发脂代谢紊乱,在本研究中,46.77%患有高脂血症。而糖尿病并发的高脂血症以高三酰甘油为特点,此时不仅游离脂肪酸含量增加,且凝血因子的活性也会增高,血液粘稠度增加,容易引起微循环发生障碍,发生胰腺缺血及坏死,从而进一步加重胰腺炎病情 [28] 。

2.4. PPDM-A与非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)

NAFLD是一种常见的慢性肝病。它与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病等临床状态有关 [29] 。其中胰岛素抵抗是疾病病理生理学的基石。而胰岛素抵抗和PPDM-A有密切的关系,是PPDM-A主要的表现之一。脂肪酸的主要来源来自脂肪组织内的脂肪分解,饮食摄入和从头合成。在肝脏中, 游离脂肪酸可以重新酯化为甘油三酯,进行β-氧化或作为极低密度脂蛋白排泄。NAFLD中中性脂肪的沉积导致胆汁酸、胆盐和不饱和脂肪酸的缺乏,促使胆道结石的形成 [30] ,胆汁成分的改变加上高脂血症的影响,PPDM-A的发生率也增高 [31] 。NAFLD是发生PPDM-A的独立影响因素 [32] 。早期的应激性高血糖对AP后的永久性高血糖进展至关重要,这可能是由内皮功能障碍引起的胰岛素抵抗和氧化应激引起的胰岛素生物合成和分泌减少所解释的 [27] [33] 。

2.5. PPDM-A与非糖尿病代谢综合征

非糖尿病代谢综合征被定义为存在3或更多的以下选项:1) 血清甘油三酯150 mg/dL;2) 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇:男性 < 40 mg/dL,女性 < 50 mg/dL;3) 收缩压 ≥ 130 mmHg或舒张压血压 ≥ 85 mmHg或已接收相关治疗或已诊断为高血压病药物使用;4) 腹部肥胖(腹部肥胖的定义为男性腰围 > 90厘米,女性腰围 > 80厘米)超过一半的AP相关糖尿病患者至少有一种非糖尿病代谢综合征的共病特征 [2] 。

一项研究结果显示非糖尿病代谢综合征人群中83.1%的人存在胰岛素抵抗,其中男性患者胰岛素抵抗程度稍高于女性,患者胰岛素抵抗发病率亦高于女性 [34] 。长期以来,并存此病被认为是严重程度及预后的重要因素。我们仍需要更多的数据来证明两者的相关性。

3. 诊断标准

符合中国急性胰腺炎诊断指南诊断标准的AP患者,且胰腺炎后新发糖尿病(PPDM-A)应满足90天以上的糖代谢受损,以排除胰腺炎过程中或住院后90天内可能出现的应激性高血糖 [35] 。并告知患者出院3个月后返回医院门诊复查或电话随访患者信息。

4. 结语及未来展望

目前的研究强调,越来越需要为AP相关DM制定全面的筛查指南。年龄较大、男性、社会经济阶层较低、合并症较多、患有代谢综合征以及患有严重和(或)复发AP的患者,患AP相关DM的风险最大,应更早、更频繁地进行筛查。总之,AP发作后的DM作为AP的一种重要临床后遗症越来越被人们所认识。急性胰腺炎相关的糖尿病与AP严重程度的增加和AP的复发密切相关。因此,可以通过积极的目标导向管理来间接预防AP相关DM,以预防严重AP,并有针对性地修改风险因素。AP患者应监测糖尿病的发展,特别是当确定了一个或多个预测因素时。需要进行前瞻性队列研究,以确定AP相关DM的发病率并验证我们的预测因素。还需要进行未来的研究,以了解AP相关糖尿病的病理生理学,并制定AP住院后的预防策略。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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