玻璃体切割联合重水及透明质酸钠凝胶辅助内界膜翻转覆盖治疗难治性黄斑裂孔的疗效观察
Clinical Efficacy of Vitrectomy Combined with Perfluorocarbon Liquids and Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Assisted Inverted Internal Limiting Membrane Flap Technique for Refractory Macular Holes
摘要: 目的:回顾性分析观察玻璃体切割联合重水及透明质酸钠凝胶辅助内界膜(ILM)翻转覆盖治疗难治性黄斑裂孔的临床疗效。方法:收集2021年9月2022年7月于青岛市立医院眼科中心行玻璃体切割联合重水及透明质酸钠凝胶辅助ILM翻转覆盖治疗的难治性黄斑裂孔患者21例(21眼)。手术后随访至少3个月以上,利用OCT评估患者黄斑裂孔闭合情况,观察手术后ILM瓣膜位置、BCVA变化、术后并发症等情况。结果:21例患者裂孔闭合率100%,其中U形闭合17眼;V形闭合2眼;W形愈合2眼。患者术前BCVA (logMAR)为1.23 ± 0.55,术后为0.64 ± 0.09,术后BCVA较术前提高,差异有统计学意义(t = 5.23, P < 0.01)。术中及随访期间翻转的ILM均在位,重水残留发生率0%,术眼未出现严重并发症。结论:玻璃体切割联合重水及透明质酸钠凝胶辅助的ILM翻转覆盖能有效治疗难治性黄斑裂孔,避免ILM瓣膜滑脱,提高裂孔闭合率,促进视功能的恢复。
Abstract: Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of vitrectomy combined with perfluorocarbon liquids and sodium hyaluronate gel assisted inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for refractory macular holes. Methods: A total of 21 patients (21 eyes) with refractory macular holes treated by vitrectomy combined with inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique in the Ophthalmol-ogy Department of the Qingdao Municipal Hospital from September 2021 to July 2022 were col-lected. The closure of macular holes was evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Pre-operative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was compared. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. The patients were followed up for at least 3 months. Results: The rate of macular hole closure in 21 patients was 100%, including U-shaped closure of 17 eyes; V-shaped closed 2 eyes; W-shaped closure 2 eyes. The postoperative BCVA (logMAR) was 1.23 ± 0.55, which improved significantly compared with postoperative level (0.64 ± 0.09) (t = 5.23, P < 0.01). The inverted ILM was present both during the operation and during follow-up. The incidence of heavy water residue was 0%, and no serious intraocular complications occurred. Conclusion: Vitrectomy combined with perfluorocarbon liquids and sodium hyaluronate gel assisted inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique can effectively treat refractory macular holes. It can en-sure the stability of the ILM flap, avoid ILM valve slip, improve hole closure rate, and promote visual function recovery.
文章引用:张乐宵, 李悦, 张婷, 周占宇. 玻璃体切割联合重水及透明质酸钠凝胶辅助内界膜翻转覆盖治疗难治性黄斑裂孔的疗效观察[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(2): 1873-1879. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.132259

1. 引言

难治性黄斑裂孔是指玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除、眼内填充和术后俯卧位等方法难以使裂孔闭合且预后视力较差的黄斑裂孔,主要包括大直径、长病程、外伤性、继发性、高度近视性、既往手术后未闭合或再开放的黄斑裂孔 [1] 。目前对于难治性黄斑裂孔发病机制尚未明确,主要治疗方式包括扩大ILM剥除范围 [2] 、ILM翻转覆盖术 [3] 、ILM填塞术 [4] 、自体晶状体囊膜填塞术 [5] 、自体神经上皮层移植术 [6] 、自体间充质干细胞移植术 [7] 等手术方式。自2010年Michalewska等 [8] 人报道了利用ILM翻瓣可提高大裂孔的闭合率,该技术已在难治性黄斑裂孔手术中广泛应用,但如何减少翻转的ILM移位仍是该手术的难点 [8] [9] 。为解决这一问题,既往有文献报道利用透明质酸钠凝胶、重水或自体血术中辅助ILM覆盖黄斑裂孔,减少ILM的移位 [10] [11] [12] 。使用自体血覆盖ILM瓣膜,需要向眼内输入血制品存在增加眼内感染的风险,同时血液中存在各类生长因子有导致增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的风险 [13] ;本研究利用重水联合透明质酸钠凝胶固定翻转的ILM瓣膜治疗难治性黄斑裂孔,以降低ILM移位,减少重水残留,现将研究结果报道如下,以期为难治性黄斑裂孔的手术方式选择提供参考。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

收集2021年9月至2022年7月于青岛市立医院眼科中心行玻璃体切割联合ILM翻转覆盖治疗的难治性黄斑裂孔患者21例(21眼)。难治性黄斑裂孔入院标准:1) 黄斑裂孔最小裂孔直径 ≥ 400 μm;2) 高度近视黄斑裂孔患者眼轴长度 > 26.5 mm或屈光度在−6.00D以上;3) 外伤性黄斑裂孔;4) 既往手术后黄斑裂孔不能闭合或黄斑裂孔再开放;5) 继发性黄斑裂孔。符合以上条件之一即可诊断为难治性黄斑裂孔。本研究遵循《赫尔辛基宣言》所要求的伦理学原则,患者均签署知情同意书。

21例(21眼)患者其中男1例,女20例;年龄45~83 (64.58 ± 9.43)岁。大直径特发性黄斑裂孔患者13例,高度近视黄斑裂孔患者5例;孔源性视网膜脱离合并黄斑裂孔患者1例;既往行玻璃体切割联合ILM剥除后裂孔未闭合患者2例。8例患者术中行白内障超声乳化吸除联合人工晶体状体植入术。16例患者眼内填充无菌空气,5例患者眼内填充硅油。随访时间3~13 (6.2 ± 3.19)个月。

2.2. 手术方法

所有患者术前和术后均行最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜、双目间接检眼镜、A型和B型超声检查、黄斑区OCT等检查。采用标准对数视力表行BCVA检查,统计时换算为logMAR视力。OCT检查使用Carl Zeiss SD-OCT (5000德国卡尔蔡司公司)对黄斑区进行扫描,采用OCT仪内置测量工具在OCT仪显示屏上测量黄斑裂孔参数:裂孔最小直径为经过黄斑中心凹水平扫描的最大裂孔剖面区裂孔的最小距离;上述数据均测量3次,取平均值,检查由经验丰富的临床技师完成。

手术由同一位资深的眼底病外科医生按照标准流程完成。所有患者均接受标准经睫状体平坦部三通道23G玻璃体切割术,由术者根据患者情况决定是否同时行白内障超声乳化联合人工晶体植入术。手术中除常规操作外,曲安奈德辅助清除玻璃体后皮质,1%吲哚菁绿稀释液辅助染色ILM,行ILM翻转覆盖:在距离鼻侧裂孔边缘约2PD处利用眼科ILM镊向心性剥离ILM,剥离的ILM呈半圆形,至鼻侧裂孔缘处,保留鼻侧孔缘ILM瓣带蒂不离断,修剪整齐,将其向颞侧翻转覆盖于黄斑区裂孔处,确保瓣膜充分覆盖无卷曲后向玻璃体腔注入重水固定瓣膜,并透明质酸钠凝胶注于翻折瓣膜表面及边缘将ILM进一步固定,完成周边部视网膜检查后进行气-液交换,使用笛针吸除重水及多余透明质酸钠凝胶,玻璃体腔内无菌空气或硅油填充。术后患者在采用面向下体位5~6天。

2.3. 观察指标

术后随访至少3个月。记录患者黄斑裂孔愈合情况和BCVA;观察患者术中术后翻转的ILM有无移位,有无重水残留,有无眼内炎等并发症发生。以末次随访时间为疗效判定时间点,OCT检查结果明确裂孔闭合情况 [14] :黄斑裂孔两端未联结且仍抬高翘起,视为未闭合;黄斑裂孔边缘神经上皮层与RPE层贴服视为裂孔闭合。黄斑裂孔闭合形态分为3型;U形闭合:黄斑裂孔两端联接且贴合在RPE层上,中心凹形态接近正常;V形闭合:黄斑裂孔两端勉强联接且贴合在RPE层,中心凹形态陡峭;W型闭合:黄斑裂孔两端贴合RPE层,但两端之间仍有距离。

2.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS25.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料用均数 ± 标准差表示,术前术后BCVA比较采用配对样本t检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 术后黄斑裂孔愈合情况

术前21例患眼裂孔最小直径为439~852 (586 ± 117.36) μm。术后随访期间,21只患眼术后裂孔闭合率100%,其中U形闭合17眼;V形闭合2眼;W形愈合2眼。大直径黄斑裂孔13眼,其中U形闭合11眼;V形闭合1眼;W形愈合1眼。高度近视黄斑裂孔5眼,其中U形闭合3只眼;V形闭合1只眼,W形闭合1只眼;孔源性视网膜脱离合并黄斑裂孔1眼,术后视网膜复位,为U形愈合。既往行玻璃体切割联合ILM剥除后裂孔未闭合2眼,术后裂孔均闭合,呈U形愈合。典型患者术前及术后黄斑裂孔愈合情况见图1图2

(a) 术前 (b) 术后4天 (c) 术后3月 (d) 术后7月

Figure 1. OCT images of macular before and after surgery in an eye with large idiopathic macular hole

图1. 1例大直径特发性黄斑裂孔患眼术前及术后黄斑OCT表现

(a) 术前 (b) 术后4天 (c) 术后4月 (d) 术后9月

Figure 2. OCT images of macula before and after operation of an eye with highly myopic macular hole

图2. 1例高度近视黄斑裂孔患眼术前及术后黄斑OCT图像

3.2. 患眼手术前后BCVA比较

以末次随访时与手术前对比,17眼BCVA提高,4眼视力不变;难治性黄斑裂孔患者术前BCVA (logMAR)为1.23 ± 0.55,术后为0.64 ± 0.09,术后BCVA较术前提高,差异有统计学意义(t = 5.23, P < 0.01)。

3.3. 患眼术中术后并发症情况

术中未发生ILM脱落移位等情况。术后随访期间OCT检查提示翻转的瓣膜均在位;间接眼底镜检查及OCT检查均未见重水残留;术眼均无严重并发症,如低眼压、眼内炎、玻璃体积血、脉络膜脱离、视网膜脱离等。

4. 讨论

随着对黄斑裂孔研究的深入,ILM在黄斑裂孔形成中的作用受到人们广泛关注,ILM剥除解除了黄斑中心凹处玻璃体后皮质产生的切线方向的牵引力,PPV联合ILM剥除术可提裂孔愈合率 [15] ,已成为全层黄斑裂孔的标准术式,但其对于各类难治性黄斑裂孔的闭合率及视力预后仍不理想 [16] 。为提高难治性黄斑裂孔的闭合率,有文献报道利用扩大的ILM剥除 [2] [17] 、ILM移植 [18] 、视网膜移植 [6] 、晶状体囊膜移植 [5] [19] [20] 、羊膜移植 [21] 、间充质干细胞移植 [7] 来治疗难治性黄斑裂孔。姚昱欧等 [17] 人报道了利用扩大ILM剥除联合裂孔缘笛针按摩治疗可提高难治性黄斑闭合率达94.4%,而研究表明ILM剥除可能导致黄斑区视网膜形态和亚临床功能的改变,如剥除ILM区域出现视网膜神经纤维层分离、内丛状层变薄等现象 [22] [23] 。Morizane等 [24] 利用自体ILM填塞治疗难治性黄斑裂孔,裂孔闭合率达90%,但其手术操作过程中易造成视网膜色素上皮层机械性损伤,且目前部分研究提示填塞的ILM可能会影响光感受器细胞的再生,属于“瘢痕愈合” [25] [26] 。对于已经剥除ILM或者ILM难以成片剥离的难治性黄斑裂孔患者,晶状体囊膜和羊膜解决了无ILM植片可用的问题 [5] [21] 。晶状体囊膜较羊膜更易获得,但存在使用时需染色可能产生视网膜毒性等缺点,晶状体上皮细胞增生的可能性及其对黄斑区结构的影响仍需进一步研究 [5] 。有文献报道采用自体视网膜移植治疗难治性黄斑裂孔,裂孔闭合率可达87.8%,末次随访时36.6%患眼视力提高,但患眼有发生玻璃体积血、视网膜脱离等并发症的风险 [10] 。间充质干细胞可从多种人体组织中分离出来,有分化为光感受器细胞和视网膜色素上皮细胞的能力 [27] ,Zhang等 [7] 手术中向玻璃体腔内注射骨髓间充质干细胞和其来源的外泌体悬液治疗7例难治性黄斑裂孔,其中6例患者裂孔闭合,5例患者BCVA得到改善,但有患者出现视网膜前纤维增殖膜和炎症反应,因其目前研究报道较少,有效性和安全性有待进一步研究。

目前认为翻转覆盖的ILM可搭建“桥梁”为müllers细胞增生和迁移提供支撑,为视网膜外层结构的恢复搭建细胞构架;翻转的ILM可以隔离覆盖黄斑裂孔促进黄斑裂孔内液体吸收,促进裂孔愈合;覆盖在裂孔上ILM可在裂孔闭合后仍刺激胶原细胞的增殖,促使U形愈合的出现 [4] [14] [25] [26] [28] 。但翻转覆盖的ILM在行气–液交换过程中易发生移位或脱落,近些年为解决这一难题不断有人提出术中使用重水、自体血或透明质酸钠凝胶在辅助固定翻转的瓣膜 [10] [11] [13] 。使用重水辅助固定瓣膜存在瓣膜在行气–液交换时出现移位及存在重水残留的可能 [10] 。为减少重水残留,进一步降低翻转的移位,本研究采用重水联合透明质酸钠凝胶压平固定翻转的瓣膜治疗难治性黄斑裂孔,术中使用笛针吸除多余的重水及透明质酸,减少对视网膜的损伤,术后各时间点行OCT检查均可见翻转的在位(图1图2),裂孔闭合率为100%,80.1% (17/21)患眼术后视力较术前提高,21只患眼术后均未发现重水残留,减少了术中瓣膜的移位和重水残留的发生率,提示PPV联合重水及透明质酸钠凝胶辅助翻转覆盖治疗难治性黄斑裂孔是一种安全有效的手术方式,与既往研究报道相一致 [3] [13] 。但本研究仍存在一定局限性,即本研究为非随机对照研究,不具有随机性,手术中并非所有患者均联合进行的白内障手术,可能对手术前后视功能的评价有一定干扰,且在样本量和随访时间方面存在局限,后续需更大样本、多中心、延长随访期限的前瞻性研究结果加以证实。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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