中学生性取向与吸烟、饮酒的关系
Relationship among Sexual Orientation and Smoking, Drinking of Middle School Students
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2020.108141, PDF, HTML, XML,  被引量 下载: 487  浏览: 845 
作者: 熊春梅, 牛丽琼, 胡春梅*:重庆文理学院,情绪和心理健康实验室,重庆
关键词: 中学生性取向吸烟饮酒双性恋Middle School Students Sexual Orientation Smoking Drinking Bisexual
摘要: 目的:了解中学生性取向与吸烟、饮酒的关系,为其性教育及危险行为干预提供参考。方法:采用分层整群抽样,在重庆市某区四所中学选取3903名学生进行问卷调查。结果:24.8%中学生未确定性取向,65.9%为异性恋,2.8%为同性恋,6.5%为双性恋;不同性别、吸烟、饮酒的中学生性取向人数比差异有统计学意义(2 = 18.489、6.077、7.790,均P < 0.05),男生异性恋(90.4%)高于女生(85.3%),双性恋(6.3%)低于女生(10.5%);吸烟、饮酒者双性恋(10.5%、10.3%)高于不吸烟、不饮酒者(7.7%、7.4%),异性恋(86.0%、85.8%)低于不吸烟、不饮酒者(88.4%、88.9%);同性恋比例差异均无统计学意义。中学生吸烟率为25.4%、饮酒率为34.3%;不同性别、性取向者吸烟、饮酒率差异有统计学意义(2 = 6.077、7.046,均P < 0.05),男生吸烟、饮酒率(32.0%、42.6%)高于女生(43.0%、42.6%);双性恋吸烟、饮酒率均(36.3%、53.0%)高于异性恋(29.0%、38.0%)、同性恋(27.3%、40.0%)。双性恋是中学生吸烟、饮酒的危险因素(OR = 1.403, 95%CI = 1.057~1.862; OR = 1.475, 95%CI = 1.129~1.927)。结论:应加强中学生性教育,引导其客观认知自身性取向,理性面对性少数群体;应重点加强双性恋者的危险行为干预,引导其合理减压,减低吸烟、饮酒行为的发生率。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate relationship among sexual orientation and smoking, drinking of middle school students, and provide suggestions for sex education and intervention of risk behavior. Methods: Using stratified cluster sampling and selected 3903 middle school students to complete questionnaires. Results: 24.8% middle school students’ sexual orientation was uncertain; 65.9% students were heterosexuality; 2.8% students were homosexual; 6.5% students were bisexual; there were significant differences between different gender, smoking, drinking students’ sexual orientation rate (2 = 18.489, 6.077, 7.790, both P < 0.05): the boys’ heterosexuality (90.4%) was beyond the girls’ (85.3%); bisexual (6.3%) was below the girls’ (10.5%); the smokers’ and drinkers’ bisexual (10.5%, 10.3%) was beyond the non-smokers’ and non-drinkers’ (7.7%, 7.4%); heterosexuality (86.0%, 85.8%) was below the non-smokers’ and non-drinkers’ (88.4%, 88.9%); the differences of homosexual were not significant. The smoking and drinking rate of middle school students were 25.4%, 34.3%; there were significant differences between different gender, sexual orientations’ smoking and drinking rate (2 = 6.077, 7.046, both P < 0.05); the boys’ (43.0%, 42.6%) was beyond the girls’ (32.0%, 42.6%); the bisexuals’ (36.3%, 53.0%) was beyond the hetero sexualities’ (29.0%, 38.0%) and homosexuals’ (27.3%, 40.0%). Bisexual was the risk factor of middle school students’ smoking and drinking (OR = 1.403, 95%CI = 1.057 - 1.862; OR = 1.475, 95%CI = 1.129 - 1.927). Conclusion: We should strengthen the sex education of middle school students, lead them to recognize self sexual orientation objectively and face sexual minorities rationally; strengthen risk behavior intervention for bisexual, lead them to reduce stress reasonably, and reduce their smoking and drinking rate.
文章引用:熊春梅, 牛丽琼, 胡春梅 (2020). 中学生性取向与吸烟、饮酒的关系. 心理学进展, 10(8), 1201-1207. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2020.108141

1. 引言

中学阶段是青少年性取向的发展期(Bosse & Chiodo, 2016),他们通过观察和模仿社会规则和预期来确定性取向(Schneider & Nardi, 1999)。性取向(sexual orientation)是个体追求性对象和性目标的指向性,包括异性恋(heterosexuality)、同性恋(homosexuality)、双性恋(bisexuality);其中,性少数群体有LGBA、LGBT两种分类,前三种是女性同性恋(lesbian)、男性同性恋(gay)、双性恋(bisexuality),最后一种分别是性恋缺失(asexuality)、性转换(transgender)或易性者(trans sex) (沈政,2015)。众多国外研究者对性取向和危险行为的关系进行研究,发现同性恋、双性恋比异性恋有更多危险行为和健康问题(White Hughto et al., 2016),例如,表现出更多药物滥用(Hatzenbuehler, Jun, Corliss, & Bryn Austin, 2015)、饮酒、吸烟等问题行为(Thitasan, Aytar, Annerbäck, & Velandia, 2019),出现抑郁和焦虑障碍的几率高2~3倍(Ross et al., 2018; White Hughto et al., 2016)、患高血压和心血管疾病等健康问题的几率高2~5倍(Dyar et al., 2019)。危险行为是导致中学生发病率和死亡率上升的主要原因之一(Shulman et al., 2016),吸烟、饮酒是我国中学生中常见的危险行为(杨悦,黄建萍,李春建,赵薇,庄勋,2016);了解吸烟、饮酒行为与性取向之间的关系,能为学校在性教育中引导中学生理性面对性少数群体、降低吸烟、饮酒发生率提供参考资料。本研究于2019年3~6月对中学生性取向与吸烟、饮酒行为间的关系进行调查,希望调查结果能为学校性教育与危险行为教育提供资料。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 对象

重庆市某区四所中学的在校学生。

2.2. 方法

采用方便取样,在重庆市某区选取四所中学(初中2所、高中2所),四所学校所有在校学生参与问卷调查。在调查前,心理学专业调查人员与所选学校取得联系,由学校组织各班班主任统一开会,通过会议告知调查目的、内容、注意事项、结果保密等,确定具体调查时间。正式施测时,班主任组织各班学生统一完成问卷,调查人员先向学生宣讲指导语、问卷填写的注意事项,说明调查的匿名性和保密性,取得学生的知情同意后,发放问卷;学生现场完成,调查人员及时解答填写过程中的问题。问卷完成约10分钟,完成后马上回收;及时整理问卷,剔除无效问卷后,由调查人员对有效问卷进行数据录入和分析。

采用Cenat等对中学生性取向的调查问卷(Cénat, Blais, Hébert, Lavoie, & Guerrier, 2015),请被试回答“你的性取向是哪一个”,答案包括“异性恋(只被不同性别者性吸引)、同性恋(只被同性别者性吸引)、双性恋(会被异性和同性别者性吸引,或不仅被不同性别者性吸引)和不确定(还不知道,或都不是)”。在进行数据分析时,除描述性统计外,在数据处理时去掉不确定组数据,将异性恋作为对照组(Azagba, Asbridge, Langille, & Baskerville, 2014)。

采用Grace等编制的吸烟/饮酒行为问卷(Kong et al., 2013),分别调查被试的吸烟、饮酒行为。回答“最近一个月内,你真正抽过烟(并非尝试吸烟)/喝过酒(并非尝试喝酒)吗?”题目回答“没有”和“有(≥1次)”,分别计“0分”和“1分”。

2.3. 统计分析

采用SPSS18.0完成数据录入及分析。其中,使用描述性统计分析性取向、吸烟、饮酒的基本情况;用c2检验比较性取向、吸烟、饮酒人数比的差异;采用Logistic回归分析,了解性取向与危险行为的关系。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 基本情况

共发放问卷4000份,剔除漏填问卷,回收有效问卷3903份,有效率为97.57%。其中,男生1845人(47.3%),女生2058人(52.7%);平均年龄(14.84 ± 1.76)。

3.2. 性取向的基本情况

描述性统计分析发现,性取向未确定969人(24.8%),已确定2934人(75.2%) (其中,异性恋2573人(65.9%),同性恋110人(2.8%),双性恋251人(6.5%)。

c2检验结果显示,不同性别、吸烟、饮酒的中学生异性恋、同性恋、双性恋人数比差异有统计学意义(c2 = 18.489、6.077、7.790,均P < 0.05),男生异性恋(90.4%)明显高于女生(85.3%),双性恋(6.3%)明显低于女生(10.5%);吸烟者异性恋(86.0%)明显低于不吸烟者(88.4%),双性恋(10.5%)明显高于不吸烟学生(7.7%);饮酒者异性恋(85.8%)明显低于不饮者(88.9%),双性恋(10.3%)明显高于不饮者(7.4%)。不同性别、吸烟、饮酒者同性恋比例差异均无统计学意义(表1)。

Table 1. Sex ratio differences of secondary school students with different sex, smoking and drinking gender

表1. 不同性别、吸烟、饮酒的中学生性取向人数比差异情况

3.3. 吸烟、饮酒的基本情况

描述性统计分析发现,中学生不吸烟2912人(74.6%),吸烟991人(25.4%);不饮酒2566人(65.7%),饮酒1337人(34.3%)。

c2检验结果显示,不同性取向(异性恋、同性恋、双性恋)、性别中学生吸烟比例差异均有统计学意义(c2 = 6.077、7.046,均P < 0.05),双性恋吸烟比例(36.3%)明显高于异性恋、同性恋(29.0%、27.3%),男生吸烟比例(32.0%)明显高于女生(27.5%);不同性取向(异性恋、同性恋、双性恋)、性别中学生与饮酒比例差异均有统计学意义(c2 = 21.393、14.938,均P < 0.001),双性恋与饮酒比例(53.0%)明显高于异性恋、同性恋(38.0%、40.0%),男生饮酒比例(42.6%)明显高于女生(35.7%) (表2)。

Table 2. Differences in the proportion of smoking and drinking among middle school students with different sexual orientation

表2. 不同性取向中学生吸烟、饮酒比例差异情况

3.4. 性取向对危险行为的逻辑克回归分析

以年龄、性别(男生 = 1,女生 = 2)、性取向(异性恋 = 1,同性恋 = 2,双性恋 = 3)为自变量,分别以吸烟(不吸 = 0,吸烟 = 1)、饮酒(不喝 = 0,喝 = 1)为因变量,进行逻辑克回归分析,结果发现,在控制了年龄、性别的影响后,双性恋是中学生吸烟、饮酒的危险因素(OR = 1.403, 95%CI = 1.057~1.862; OR = 1.475, 95%CI = 1.129~1.927) (表3)。

Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of secondary school sexual orientation on smoking and drinking

表3. 中学生性取向对吸烟、饮酒的多因素logistic回归分析

备注:性别以女生为参照,性取向以异性恋为参照,年龄为连续变量。

4. 讨论

研究结果显示,有24.8%中学生还未确定性取向,65.9%为异性恋,2.8%为同性恋,6.5%为双性恋;男生异性恋比例(90.4%)明显高于女生(85.3%),双性恋(6.3%)明显低于女生(10.5%),男女生同性恋比例差异不显著(寿碧琪等,2018);吸烟、饮酒者异性恋(86.0%、85.8%)明显低于不吸烟、不饮酒者(88.4%、88.9%),双性恋(10.5%、10.3%)明显高于不吸烟、不饮酒者(7.7%、7.4%) (Parnes, Rahm-Knigge, & Conner, 2017),不同吸烟、饮酒者同性恋比例差异不显著,与已有研究结果一致(Cénat et al., 2015):中学生中双性恋比例明显高于同性恋,且双性恋者吸烟、饮酒比例均明显高于异性恋者。我们要注意的是,有近四分之一中学生还未确定性取向,这一比例明显高于加拿大中学生(5.5%) (Cénat et al., 2015),这提醒我们要加强中学生的性健康教育,引导他们清楚地了解自己的性取向,帮助其性态度健康发展、形成良好的婚恋观。

中学生吸烟率为25.4%、饮酒率为34.3%;男生吸烟、饮酒率(32.0%、42.6%)明显高于女生(27.5%、35.7%) (梁悦,2017),双性恋吸烟、饮酒率均(36.3%、53.0%)高于异性恋(29.0%、38.0%)、同性恋(27.3%、40.0%),与已有研究结果一致(Azagba et al., 2014);可见,我们在对中学生进行危险行为干预时,应重点关注男生、双性恋这两个群体吸烟、饮酒的特点,采取有针对性的措施,才能提高干预的有效性。

回归分析结果表明,双性恋是中学生吸烟、饮酒的危险因素,这和已有研究结果一致(Parnes et al., 2017; Taggart et al., 2019)。相对同性恋和异性恋,双性恋会有更多吸烟、饮酒行为。首先,性少数群体(同性恋、双性恋)在生活中会经历“偏见、歧视、指责以及对未来歧视的预期”等压力,在求职、择校、就医、公共空间等多领域都会受到歧视(Slater, Godette, Huang, Ruan, & Kerridge, 2017),遭受恐同、恐双性恋(Hatzenbuehler, 2009),这会使他们经历更多抑郁、焦虑等负性情绪,增加其心理压力;而吸烟、饮酒可以帮助他们减少压力(Parnes et al., 2017)。其次,双性恋相比同性恋面临更多的问题,社会对他们有更多负面刻板印象(包括性冒险、混乱的、沉迷于性、多性伴侣、易患性疾病等) (Friedman et al., 2014),他们会将这些社会负面认知内化,而这种认知内化和其危险行为、物质滥用问题有积极相关(Dyar et al., 2015),使他们出现更多吸烟、饮酒行为。第三,双性恋会同时受到来自异性恋和同性恋的歧视和拒绝;例如,对加拿大中学生的调查发现,同性恋和双性恋在生活中更容易受到网络暴力和校园暴力,而双性恋被暴力的情况比同性恋更甚,与异性恋相比,双性恋的心理压力和低自尊明显更高,其自杀意念是异性恋者的2倍(Cénat et al., 2015; Thitasan et al., 2019)。面对这些压力,双性恋者会将物质滥用(酗酒、吸烟、吸食大麻等)作为其压力应对机制(Parnes et al., 2017)。

综上所述,学校应该加强性健康教育,引导中学生客观认知自己的性取向,建立健康的性态度和婚恋观。同时,学校也应认识到性少数群体在学生中的客观存在,引导教师、学生、家长、工作人员等理性面对他们,不歧视、不拒绝;在危险行为的预防和干预时,要重点关注双性恋群体,帮助其掌握倾诉、运动等健康的减压方式,避免通过吸烟、饮酒等危险行为来减少压力。

5. 结论

应加强中学生性教育,引导其客观认知自身性取向,理性面对性少数群体;应重点加强双性恋者的危险行为干预,引导其合理减压,减低吸烟、饮酒行为的发生率。

基金项目

2020年度教育部人文社会科学研究项目:互联网时代青少年危险行为产生的心理机制研究(20XJA190002);重庆市大学生创新创业训练计划项目:心卫525青少年危险行为筛查防控普测系统的研究(国家级202010642002),青少年危险行为疏防一体积极教育策略研究(省级S202010642009),大学生危险行为筛查预警指标体系的构建(省级S202010642003)。

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NOTES

*通讯作者。

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