儿童抽动障碍共患病的研究现状
Research Status of Tic Disorder in Children
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2021.113140, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 402  浏览: 743 
作者: 汤 蓉, 刘晓扬, 杨光路*:内蒙古医科大学附属医院儿科,内蒙古 呼和浩特
关键词: 儿童抽动障碍共患病研究现状Children Tic Disorder Comorbidities Research Status
摘要: 目的:为帮助人们更好地认识抽动障碍及共患病,进一步研究其治疗方案,减轻其对患儿及社会的危害。方法:本文归纳了国内外学者目前对抽动障碍共患病的研究现状。结果:抽动障碍(tic disorder, TD)是起病于儿童或青少年时期的一种神经精神障碍性疾病,临床以不自主、反复、突发、快速、重复、无节律性的一个或多个部位运动抽动和(或)发声抽动为主要特征。结论:大约一半的抽动障碍患儿和80%以上的抽动障碍患者患有至少一种共病的精神病理学或行为障碍,大约60%的抽动障碍患者患有两种或两种以上的共病,例如注意力缺陷多动障碍(Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)、强迫症(Obsessive-compulsive neurosis, OCD)、学习困难、焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍、自残行为、行为障碍、愤怒发作等,严重影响患儿的生理及心理健康。
Abstract: Objective: To help people better understand tic disoder and comorbidities, further study its treatment plan, and reduce its harm to children and society. Methods: This paper summarized the current research status of tic disoder comorbidities. Results: Tic disorder (TD) is a kind of neuropsychiatric disorder that starts in children or adolescents, and is mainly characterized by involuntary, repeated, sudden, rapid, repetitive and unrhythmic motor and/or vocal tic movements in one or more parts. Conclusion: About half of the children with tic disorders and more than 80% of the tic disorders in patients have at least one comorbid psychopathology or behavior disorder, about 60% of the tic disorders of patients suffer from two or more comorbidities, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), learning difficulties, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, self-destructive behavior disorders, anger attacks, etc. It seriously affects the physical and mental health of children.
文章引用:汤蓉, 刘晓扬, 杨光路. 儿童抽动障碍共患病的研究现状[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(3): 974-980. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.113140

1. 前言

抽动障碍(TD)是起病于儿童或青少年时期的一种神经精神障碍性疾病,临床以不自主、反复、突发、快速、重复、无节律性的一个或多个部位运动抽动和(或)发声抽动为主要特征 [1]。根据临床特点和病程长短,TD按DSM-5可分为短暂性TD、慢性TD和Tourette综合征(TS) 3种类型。流行病学研究表明,TD在所有种族、民族和人群中同样普遍,20%的学龄儿童患有短暂性和轻度抽搐 [2];而在不同的西方人群中,慢性TD和TS分别影响0.3%~5.0%和0.3%~1.0%的学龄儿童 [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]。TD在中国儿童群体中也是一种相当常见的神经精神障碍,据估计,中国有超过一千万的儿童和青少年患有某种轻度的TD,而患有TS的儿童和青少年多达一百万。大约一半的抽动障碍儿童和80%以上的抽动障碍患者患有至少一种共病的精神病理学或行为障碍,大约60%的抽动障碍患者患有两种或两种以上的共病 [8] [9] [10] [11],例如注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)、强迫症(OCB)、学习困难(LD)、情绪障碍(ED)、睡眠障碍(SD) [12]、自伤行为(SIB) [13]、品行障碍(CD) [14]、愤怒发作等。其中,注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是最常见的共病,其次是强迫症(OCB),分别影响约50%~60%和36%~50%的TD患者 [8] [15]。TD共病的发生率也存在性别差异。通常,多动症、学习困难、品行失调和愤怒发作在男孩中更为常见,而强迫症更常见于女孩 [10]。共病增加了TD的复杂性和严重性,影响了儿童学习、社会适应、个性和心理素质的健康发展,并给疾病的诊断、治疗和预后增加了更多的困难和挑战 [16] [17] [18]。

有研究发现,耶鲁抽动严重度量表得分在有无注意缺陷多动障碍的儿童中没有差异,但有强迫行为的儿童有明显的高抽动严重程度评分(p = 0.008) [19]。

2. 抽动障碍共患病

2.1. 注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)

有文献报道,TD共患ADHD儿童的患病率是50% (21%~90%) [20] [21],多见于男孩。注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)和抽动障碍(TD)是始于儿童时期的神经发育障碍,虽然它们的临床症状非常不同,但它们经常在同一个体中并存:ADHD表现为无法组织和维持注意力并调节活动水平,抽动障碍表现为突然、快速和不自主的运动或语音运动 [22]。ADHD和TS之间的共病似乎与共同的潜在神经生物学和病理生理机制有关,而不是共同的遗传原因。一项针对仅患有TS、仅患有ADHD、共患TS和ADHD的个体以及对照组的家庭研究发现,TS的存在并不只会增加亲属患ADHD的风险,相反,ADHD的存在也不会只增加亲属患TS的风险 [23]。

有研究人员假设,ADHD和TS这些疾病是更广泛的神经发育疾病谱的一部分,这些疾病是由导致神经远程连接不足和短期连接过度的过程引起的,这些连接可能具有相似的环境或表观遗传病因 [27]。皮层内抑制减少在这两种疾病中都有描述,这与症状严重程度显著负相关 [24] [25]。许多研究表明,患有ADHD共病的TD患者,对心理社会功能和与健康相关的生活质量有重大影响 [26] [27] [28]。对于TS共患ADHD患儿来说,ADHD可能是影响认知功能的主要病因,这也许源于ADHD的患儿中枢神经系统发育迟缓,是神经精神发育延迟的结果;ADHD 可以引起主观生活质量明显下降,生活满意度下降,个性缺陷以及自我意识发展不良 [29],因此,TD共患ADHD的治疗是很有必要的。

治疗上,在中国,可乐定和盐酸托莫西汀,是一线用药,它是一种α2肾上腺素受体激动剂,可以激活突触后前额叶α肾上腺素皮质受体,具有抵抗抽动,改善注意力的作用 [30] [31];盐酸托莫西汀不会诱发或加重抽动,也可用于患有ADHD的TD儿童 [32];其次中枢兴奋剂,主要是哌醋甲酯,使用哌醋甲酯治疗TD共患ADHD也有成功的临床经验 [33] [34],但是,精神刺激剂存在加重或诱发抽动的潜在风险,在中国是治疗TD共患ADHD的二线药物。

2.2. 强迫症(OCD)

强迫症(OCD)的特征是出现强迫行为,表现为反复和侵入性的想法、图像或冲动;以及强迫行为的发生,这是试图防止或减少焦虑或痛苦的重复行为或精神行为,DSM-5是诊断该病的金标准。TD共患OCD的患病率大约为20%~60%,多见于女孩儿。虽然抽动发生的病理生理学机制还不完全清楚,但据推测,基底节和皮质–纹状体皮质环内的异常活动是抽搐产生的中心 [35]。同样,强迫症的病理生理学模型也侧重于皮质–纹状体回路,以及眼眶前额叶皮质、前扣带回和杏仁核的受累 [36]。TS和强迫症都是高度可遗传的,多项研究表明这两种疾病的家族聚集性和显著的交叉障碍风险。最近一项在丹麦的调查研究中发现:在其最年长的兄弟姐妹被诊断为TS或慢性抽动障碍的个人中,TS或慢性抽动障碍的相对复发风险为18.63 (95%可信区间15.34~22.63),强迫症的相对复发风险为3.98 (95%可信区间2.58~6.12) [37]。这种交叉障碍的风险和TS和强迫症的重叠现象学特征表明,这两种疾病可能是具有共同潜在遗传原因的交替表型。OCB/OCD通常出现在青春期早期,也就是抽搐发作几年后,经常伴随较高频率的攻击性行为。

治疗上,具有暴露反应预防(ERP)成分的认知行为疗法(CBT)具有最强的循证医学依据,被认为是TD共患OCD的一线治疗,在药理上,选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)是OCD的一线用药,研究发现TS共患OCD患者对SSRIs应答低于单纯OCD患者,但仍然有一定的改善。然而其副作用较大,如氟西汀易导致激越、失眠;帕罗西汀的抗胆碱不良反应;舍曲林的胃肠道反应等,不利于患儿的身体健康 [38],SSRI应从小剂量开始逐渐增加。三环类抗抑郁药,例如氯米帕明,可以用作TD + OCD的二线药物,但副作用更多 [39],新型抗抑郁药也可用于与OCD并存的TD。欧洲临床指南建议使用利培酮作为TD共患OCD的一线选择 [40],多巴胺受体阻滞剂(阿立哌唑和利培酮)通常与SSRI (例如舍曲林)组合使用,以治疗具有严重OCD症状的TD [41]。

2.3. 学习困难(LD)

LD是指听、说、读、写、推理或数学等方面的获取和运用上表现出显著困难的一群不同性质的学习异常者的通称,一般认为是由于中枢神经系统功能失常所致 [42]。TD患儿共患LD的概率为9.92% [40]。首先,当TD存在其他共患病时,如上文提到的ADHD、OCD时,就会对患儿的学习产生影响,ADHD被认为是最影响学习的共患病,当患有ADHD时,共患LD的概率为31% [43] [44]。其次,服用治疗TD的药物有时也会引起LD,如氟哌啶醇、硫必利等会对患儿的情绪及记忆力产生影响,继而影响学习 [45]。

治疗上,由于LD主要是由药物或者其他其他疾病引起的,所以应首先积极治疗原发病,其次加以教育训练。

2.4. 睡眠障碍(SD)

SD是指在睡眠过程中出现的各种功能障碍,大致上有两种表现,一是睡眠量不正常,另一个是睡眠中的发作性异常(如梦游症、说梦话、磨牙等) [46]。Robertson等 [47] 研究统计发现,26%的TS患者有过噩梦,33%有过梦游症等异常睡眠状态,TS共患SD的患病率为25%~30%,当共患ADHD时,其患病率可能升高到65% [9] [48]。有研究发现,SD的出现可能与治疗ADHD的药物–中枢兴奋剂有关。睡眠对于TD患者的大脑和身体的自我平衡功能,以及广泛认知功能具有很重要的作用,睡眠问题可能会影响到TD的发作情况和神经行为功能 [49]。

治疗上,第一:明确病因,如由药物引起,停止使用该药物,尽量用其他药品代替治疗;第二:积极进行行为心理干预,改善患儿睡眠;第三:前两种方法效果不显著时,使用铁剂、α-受体激动剂以及中医药等治疗 [50]。

2.5. 情绪障碍(ED)

ED是一组精神障碍,以情感显著而持续地高涨或低落为主要特征。患儿常伴有认知和行为的改变,有时候会出现幻觉或妄想症状 [51]。TD + ED的患病率为20%~25%,女孩比男孩严重 [52]。ED的出现可能与以下两个因素有关:1) 多巴胺、5-羟色胺以及去甲肾上腺素等神经递质的功能紊乱;2) 中枢兴奋剂治疗共患病ADHD的副作用。一些专家研究发现,TS儿童的社交恐怖与年龄以及病程呈正比;年龄越大,广泛性焦虑越严重;抽动严重程度越重、病程越长,焦虑总分越高 [53] [54]。李佳 [55] 研究发现,TS儿童自我意识与父母文化水平息息相关,父母文化程度越低,患儿自我意识水平越低,病程越长。

治疗上,比起治疗抽动症状,更重要的是关注患儿的心理健康,越早发现患儿不良的情绪表现,早期干预,患儿就能越早在良性的环境中逐渐改善症状,家长可采用一些自己就可以做到的心理辅导,例如游戏、音乐、绘本疗法等,以此来控制情绪 [56]。

2.6. 其他共患病

TD还有一种比较常见影响生活的共患病——偏头痛,其患病率大约是普通人的4倍 [43] [57]。这可能与以下两个因素有关:1) 干扰丘脑皮层神经通路,引起椎体外系加工疼痛信息的功能失调,可能引起头痛;2) 强烈的压力以及刺激也可能会引起TD患者发生偏头痛。也有研究报道TD有共患自伤行为(SIB),如拔毛癖 [58]、用头冲撞坚硬的物体、咬伤和烫伤自己等。有些TD还可能共患精神发育迟滞或者精神分裂、对立违抗以及猥亵行为等。

3. 小结

TD的共患病有很多,也很常见,其危害甚至不低于TD本身,我们在关注和治疗TD本身的同时,也不能忽视其共患病的治疗。TD共患ADHD儿童的患病率是50% (21%~90%),多见于男孩,一线治疗是α2肾上腺素受体激动剂,如可乐定和盐酸托莫西汀,二线药物是中枢兴奋剂,如哌醋甲酯,但是精神刺激剂存在加重或诱发抽动的潜在风险,故在中国被推荐用于二线药物;TD共患OCD患儿的患病率大约为20%~60%,多见于女孩儿,一线治疗是暴露反应预防(ERP)和选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs),但SSRIs有明显副作用,故需从小剂量开始逐渐增加,二线药物是三环类抗抑郁药,如氯米帕明,但副作用更多,新型抗抑郁药也可用于与OCD并存的TD;TD患儿共患LD的概率为9.92%,治疗上需首先积极治疗原发病,其次加以教育训练;TS共患SD的患病率为25%~30%,当共患ADHD时,其患病率可能升高到65%,治疗上要明确病因,对因治疗并辅以行为心理干预,必要时加用铁剂、α-受体激动剂、中医药等;TD共患ED的概率为20%~25%,女孩较男孩更为严重,需治疗抽动的同时加以心理疏导;其他共患病有偏头痛、自伤行为、猥亵行为,精神分裂、精神发育迟滞、对立违抗等。目前TD的病因未明,其共患病也给TD的诊断和治疗增加了很大难度,同时为患儿带来了生理和心理的双重危害,防治TD及共患病,我们一直在路上!

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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