手足口病CA6和CA10的流行病学及临床特征研究进展
Research Progress of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease CA6 and CA10
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.123348, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 249  浏览: 433 
作者: 张 力, 许红梅*:重庆医科大学附属儿童医院感染科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆
关键词: 手足口病柯萨奇病毒A6柯萨奇病毒A10流行病学预防措施Hand Foot and Mouth Disease Coxsackie Virus A6 Coxsackie Virus A10 Epidemiology Preventive Measure
摘要: 手足口病是一种严重威胁婴幼儿健康的急性传染病,主要表现为发热及手、足、口部的皮疹,肠道病毒71 (EV-A71)和柯萨奇病毒A16 (CV-A16)为最常见的致病原。近年来,由于CV-A6和CV-A10逐渐增多并成为了主要的病原体,标志着手足口病肠道病毒的病原谱正发生着改变。目前针对手足口病的预防和监测主要集中在EV-71和CV-A16,因此,进一步明确CV-A6和CV-A10的病原学特征、流行病学及临床特点对于该疾病的预防、治疗具有显著意义。
Abstract: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease that seriously threatens the health of infants and young children. The main manifestations are fever and skin rash on hands, feet and mouth. Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and Coxsackie virus A16 (CV-A16) are the most common pathogenic factors. In recent years, cV-A6 and CV-A10 have gradually increased and become the main pathogens, indicating that the pathogenic spectrum of enterovirus of HFMD is changing. At present, the prevention and monitoring of HFMD mainly focus on EV-71 and CV-A16. Therefore, it is of significant significance to further clarify the etiological, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of CV-A6 and CV-A10 for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
文章引用:张力, 许红梅. 手足口病CA6和CA10的流行病学及临床特征研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(3): 2410-2416. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.123348

1. 引言

手足口病(Hand, foot and mouth disease, HFMD)是一种由人类肠道病毒感染引起的急性传染病,尤其好发于5岁以下的婴幼儿,此病具有一定的自限性,无继发性皮肤感染的患者大多数在2周内即可痊愈,其主要的临床表现为发热,手、足、臀部以及口腔黏膜的丘疹或水疱 [1] [2] [3]。部分病例可出现严重的全身并发症,如无菌性脑膜炎、急性弛缓性麻痹、无菌性脑炎、心肺衰竭和严重肺水肿,甚至可导致死亡 [4] [5]。手足口病的传播主要是通过直接接触患者的唾液、飞沫、粪便、水疱液和间接接触被污染的物品。近年来,手足口病已在新加坡、马来西亚、韩国、越南和中国等地方多次暴发,这表明手足口病不仅成为对公众健康有巨大威胁的全球性公共卫生问题,还显著增加了医疗的经济负担 [6] - [11]。2008年至2014年,中国大陆全国疾病报告系统共报告了1000多万例手足口病病例,其中3000人死亡 [12],2008~2017年我国手足口病的死亡率达0.03/10万 [13]。手足口病最常见的致病病毒为小RNA病毒科肠道病毒属,包括肠病毒(EV)-A71、柯萨奇病毒(CV) A-D组,其中肠道病毒71 (EV-A71)和柯萨奇病毒A16 (CV-A16)为最常见的致病原 [14]。随着各国对手足口病病原学的不断统计研究发现,CV-A6和CV-A10相关疾病的公共卫生负担被低估了,这可能与以往暴发的大多数手足口病的发病率低于EV-A71和CV-A16有关。最近的流行病学证据表明,CV-A6和CV-A10是与全球特别是亚太地区越来越多的手足口病暴发和散发病例相关的新的和重要的病原体,此外,CV-A6、CV-A10感染病例更为严重,基因组也更加多变,这些足以引起全世界公共卫生系统的警惕。

2. CV-A6和CV-A10引起HFMD的流行概况和临床特征

既往流行病学表明,柯萨奇病毒A16型和人肠道病毒71型是导致HFMD发生的主要致病原,CV-A6和CV-A10很少引起临床上的注意,随着手足口病病原学的变迁及EV-A71疫苗的应用,我国HFMD的病原谱已发生较大变化,非EV-A71等肠道病毒所致HFMD的比例开始显著增加 [15]。

自2008年起,国外CV-A6和CV-A10为主的HFMD逐渐出现上升趋势。2008年秋季手足口病暴发期间,CV-A6和CV-A10在芬兰各地同时传播,但是在疾病的早期无法通过临床观察来区分,部分CV-A6、CV-A10阳性患者甚至出现中枢神经系统并发症,另外一些患者甚至在数周后出现指甲脱落,这多与CV-A6感染相关 [16] [17];西班牙巴伦西亚市区出现的脱甲病病例中61%的患者近期患手足口病,但并未发现脱甲病与手足口病严重程度之间具有相关性的联系,此外,这些手足口病病例中显示49%为CV-A10感染,而其它肠道病毒的发生率为3%~9% [18];新加坡出现的病例中,最主要的病原学为CV-A6和CV-A10,为35.3% [19];2007~2009年期间日本手足口病的主要病原是CV-A16和EV-A71,其中2007年CV-A6是导致疱疹性咽峡炎的主要病因,且在2009年日本手足口病中CV-A6的检出率有所上升,2010年研究显示CV-A6、CV-A2、CV-A4、CV-A5和CV-A10与疱疹性咽峡炎相关,将手足口病和疱疹性咽峡炎已被日本列为第五类传染病 [20]。2010年法国暴发的与CV-A6和CV-A10感染相关的手足口病/疱疹性咽峡炎提示主要的血清型为CV-A10 (39.9%)、CV-A6 (28%)、CV-A16 (17.5%)以及EV-71 (6.3%),主要于4月至7月间流行,此次引起手足口病爆发的CV-A10和CV-A6病毒与2008年在芬兰流行的病毒具有遗传相关性 [21]。2012年印度的一项研究表明,CV-A16和CV-A6是主要的病原,而CV-A10和EV-71是少见的 [22]。

我国,CV-A6相关的感染性疾病在临床中也呈上升趋势。2007年台湾地区长庚医院发现CV-A6在肠道病毒感染中的比例为15.5%,而2009年却高达22.2%,另一项研究则发现2010年CV-A6作为主要病原体在台湾地区流行 [23] [24];2010~2012年CV-A6取代CV-A16成为深圳市HFMD排名第二的病原 [25]。2013年长春市也暴发了由CV-A6引起的HFMD,该型占所有肠道病毒检出的66.9%,而之前东北部地区没有报道过CV-A6相关HFMD的暴发 [26]。2011~2015年在重庆21615名手足口病患者中,分别有62.3%和4.8%的患儿感染了CVA6和CVA10 [27]。

CV-A6相关HFMD的临床症状与EV-71和CV-A16相关HFMD的临床症状有一定差异,皮疹分布广泛,可出现在口唇周围(28.22%)、躯干和/或颈部(39.30%)、全身(6%) [24],部分甚至出现严重的皮肤黏膜疱疹反应,多表现为皮肤大疱样改变,其皮肤损害程度较EV-A71和CV-A16严重,病程后期还会出现皮疹结痂伴大片脱皮,但恢复期皮肤无明显异常 [28]。

以上研究均表明,CV-A6和CV-A10开始在世界及全国范围内开始流行,因此,对于疾病的监测有必要进行更广泛的区域监测以预测它们引起暴发事件所产生的潜力。

3. CV-A6相关重症HFMD发生的危险因素

在疾病的早期阶段,没有特定的临床症状可以用于识别重症手足口病,由于目前仍未研发出有效的治疗手足口病的药物,所以重症手足口病有极高的死亡率。因此,探究影响重症手足口病的危险因素是有临床意义的。流行病学研究发现,包括发烧、与手足口病儿童接触、EV-A71感染等多种因素都可能会增加手足口病的发生风险。以往的研究主要集中在EV-A71或CV-A16感染的重症手足口病病例,在中国批准EV-71疫苗后,重症手足口病的主要病原已转变为CV-A6 [29]。

因此,先前与EV-A71相关的危险因素是否还会影响CV-A6以及是否有其它危险因素会导致严重的CV-A6手足口病的发生是亟待研究的。

部分学者分析表明,CV-A6导致的重症手足口病可能与下列因素相关:1) 热峰39℃及以上且合并惊厥与重症手足口病呈正相关 [29] [30] [31],但也有学者(陈少明Chen SM)认为,患者在确诊前就已经是重症手足口病,因此,高热可能是严重手足口病的症状,而非危险因素 [32];2) 母乳喂养与重症手足口病呈负相关:既往研究表明母乳喂养与重症HFMD无关 [33],然而最近有研究表明母乳喂养可以降低严重CV-A6相关手足口病的发生风险,这可能与人乳蛋白质组中包含的蛋白酶、糖蛋白和内源性多肽可以影响免疫系统的发育有关,这也可以解释母乳喂养的婴儿患手足口病的风险较低,即使患手足口病的病情也较轻 [29];3) 出生时有疾病被确定为与重症手足口病相关的新因素:这可能是因为有疾病的患儿在出生时免疫力较差增加了患重症手足口病的可发风险,此外,这些患儿往往伴有出生体重低、营养状况差等,均可能会增加严重手足口病的易感性 [29];4) 第一胎婴儿是重症手足口病发生的危险因素:对于第一胎婴儿而言,其护理者通常对于缺乏照顾婴儿的经验,于是通常难以重视疾病的初期症状而导致延误诊治,从而增加了重症手足口病的发生 [29] [34];5) 玩耍后洗手与重症手足口病呈负相关:洗手被认为是重症足口病的一个保护因素,有研究报告称洗手可使手足口病风险降低70%,这可能是因为肠道病毒对环境条件的抗性较强于是可以在手上长期存在 [35] [36];6) 此外,农村居住、看护者教育程度低等因素也增加了重症手足口病发病风险 [37] [38]。

4. 预防策略

4.1. 疫苗

中国大陆手足口病的监测主要集中在EV-71和CV-A16,但是CV-A6和CV-A10逐渐成为重要的手足口病病原体。2015年中国批准的EV-71疫苗上市后,EV-71单价灭活疫苗对其它肠道病毒引起的HFMD没有交叉保护作用,因此,HFMD多价疫苗是未来的发展方向 [39] [40]。

一种甲醛灭活的全病毒二价联合CV-A6和CV-A10疫苗也可诱导小鼠模型产生抗原特异性全身免疫应答,从而引发主动免疫,在控制同型和异型CV-A6和CVA10感染方面达到80%及以上的保护率 [41]。一种含有灭活EV-A71、CV-A16和CV-A6的三价疫苗对EV-A71和CV-A16的严重感染具有完全的保护作用,而对CV-A6攻击的成功保护则是在一项针对三价疫苗血清的被动转移研究中完成的 [42]。另一种由福尔马林环丙内酯灭活的CV-A6、CV-A10和CV-A16三价疫苗诱导了足够的中和抗体和细胞介导的免疫反应,而相应的BPL单价灭活疫苗则对异种菌株没有足够的交叉反应性或交叉保护作用 [43]。

总的来说,上述研究表明,抗原之间在诱导病毒特异性免疫反应的能力上没有免疫干扰,这为广泛预防手足口病的多价疫苗提供了证据。EV-A71灭活疫苗在疫苗接种人群中表现出高效性、良好的免疫原性持久性和可接受的安全性,但由此所引起手足口病主要病原体的变化和新出现的致病血清型也需要人们的关注,因此,探索具有广谱保护和足够安全性的多价疫苗配方显得势在必行。改进疫苗设计和战略、更好地利用旧疫苗载体以及开发新的疫苗平台等综合努力将有助于这一探索,这也将有助于更好地了解不同血清型感染时免疫记忆是如何发展的,这可能为疫苗的开发提供指导。

4.2. 预防措施

目前并没有针对手足口病的除EV71疫苗外有效疫苗或抗病毒治疗方法,因此,积极的预防措施对于控制手足口病具有重要的临床意义。鉴于手足口病具有传染性强、传播途径复杂、流行强度大、传播速度快、短时间内即可造成大暴发等特点,以下预防措施可以有效预防疾病的爆发 [44]:1) 降低易感人群的传播率,可以有效控制手足口病的传播:幼儿园、学校、医院等公共场所进行积极的消毒处理、室内空气清新,幼儿园应每天对玩具和用具进行清洁和消毒,并让患病儿童不上学以限制接触、加强传染源的管理。教育发病高峰年龄段儿童养成良好的个人卫生习惯,并对儿童及其家人进行手足口病的知识普及教育,医院应加强感染控制,避免院内交叉感染。此外,在流行季节尽量避免带儿童到人群密集的公共场所,减少感染的机会;2) 降低感染人的发展速度,可将手足口病的传播控制在较低水平:对于病情较轻者,需要充分的休息,清淡的饮食,保护患者的口腔和皮肤。对于患者出现的临床症状,进行对症处理,并根据病情变化调整治疗措施。对于恢复期患者,加强患者的营养,多吃水果、蔬菜,经常锻炼身体会增强免疫力,防止出现新的感染,使患者尽快恢复;3) 提高非住院感染者的治愈率,可有效控制手足口病的传播:所以大家应该及时去看医生,这样当患者出现发烧、皮疹等症状时就可以减少与他人接触的机会。此外,除手足口病患者外,健康携带病毒者也是重要的传染源,有效的隔离手足口病患者以及加强对病原学及疫情的检测能够有效的防止疾病的蔓延。对于HFMD及其病原体进行长期、全面的监测,特别是加强非EV-A71和CV-A6肠道病毒的监测是必要的,此外,临床医生对于新现的病原体要引起足够的重视,以便及时采取适当的干预措施。

5. 治疗

手足口病是一种自限性疾病,通常以多饮水和缓解疼痛为重点的支持性护理;病变愈合无瘢痕,但可能留下明显的炎症后色素改变,可能持续数月至数年,这取决于疾病的程度和皮肤类型;受感染的人应根据感染源,使用适当的抗生素或抗病毒药物进行治疗;手部卫生非常重要,住院患者应采取严格的接触预防措施 [45]。同样重要的是要将患者与脆弱的个体隔离开来,特别是孕妇,因为柯萨奇病毒与宫内感染和流产有关 [46]。

6. 展望

手足口病肠道病毒病原谱发生改变是导致其不断暴发的原因之一,因此,明确不同致病原引起手足口病的危险因素、临床表现对于早期筛选HFDM发生高危人群和提高患者的生存率和预后具有重要的临床意义。近年来,随着多价疫苗的不断研发,这不仅使得预防HFDM的流行成为可能,而且使得HFDM的防治效果更加有效。虽然,目前已经发现多种与CV-A6和CV-A10相关HFDM形成可能相关的危险因素及分子机制,但这些对于准确地预防、诊断和治疗HFDM还远远不够。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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