Sonazoid超声造影在肝脏局灶性病变中的应用
Application of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography with Sonazoid for Focal Liver Lesions
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.12101371, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 217  浏览: 322 
作者: 高 颖, 阳丹才让, 何少帅, 王晶晶, 熊文强:青海大学附属医院肝胆胰外科,青海 西宁
关键词: 肝脏局灶性病变超声造影SonazoidFocal Liver Lesions Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography Sonazoid
摘要: 肝脏局灶性病变是临床常见疾病,尤其是对于肝脏恶性病变,选择合适的治疗措施及判断预后具有重要的临床意义。超声造影可提高影像技术的敏感性,且其对组织器官的血流灌注的观察使其越来越多地被各国家引入应用。Sonazoid是第二代超声造影剂,最初在日本使用,于2019年在中国获得许可。这种造影剂为脂质包裹的全氟丁烷微泡,可以很容易地被Kupffer细胞吞噬,导致肝实质持续和稳定的增强,这种增强被称为血管后期或Kupffer期,可提供高超的实时血管成像和持久稳定的Kupffer相位成像,持续时间超过60分钟。造影剂的应用为肝脏病变的诊疗提供了更多可能。本文对Sonazoid在肝脏局灶性病变中的应用进行综述。
Abstract: Focal Liver Lesions (FLL) are common clinical diseases, especially for malignant liver lesions, and it is clinically important to select appropriate therapeutic measures and judge the prognosis. Con-trast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can improve the sensitivity of imaging techniques and its obser-vation of blood perfusion in tissues and organs has led to its increasing introduction for use in vari-ous countries. Sonazoid is a second-generation ultrasound contrast agent, initially used in Japan and licensed in China in 2019. This contrast agent is a lipid-coated perfluorobutane microbubble that can be readily phagocytosed by Kupffer cells, resulting in sustained and stable enhancement of the liver parenchyma, an enhancement known as the late vascular or Kupffer phase, which provides superior real-time vascular imaging and durable and stable Kupffer phase imaging lasting more than 60 minutes. The use of contrast agents has provided more possibilities for the management of liver lesions. This article reviews the application of Sonazoid in Focal Liver Lesions.
文章引用:高颖, 阳丹才让, 何少帅, 王晶晶, 熊文强. Sonazoid超声造影在肝脏局灶性病变中的应用[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(10): 9470-9476. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12101371

1. 引言

肝脏局灶性病变(Focal Liver Lesions, FLL)是临床常见疾病,尤其是对于肝脏恶性病变,早期发现、准确诊断,选择合适的治疗措施及判断预后具有重要的临床意义 [1]。超声检查因具有安全性高,实时性,价格便宜等优点,因此常作为肝脏局灶性病变检查及治疗中的重要手段。但常规超声不能显示病变的血流灌注特征,因此定性诊断往往需要进一步的影像学检查 [2]。

与传统的超声相比,超声造影(Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound, CEUS)在肝脏局灶性病变的检测和表征方面具有更高的有效性 [3] [4]。Sonazoid是第二代超声造影剂,最初在日本使用,然后于2019年在中国获得许可。这种造影剂为脂质包裹的全氟丁烷微泡,可以很容易地被Kupffer细胞吞噬,导致肝实质持续和稳定的增强,这种增强被称为血管后期或Kupffer期,在注射药物后10分钟开始,最长可持续1~2小时。造影剂的应用为肝脏病变的诊疗提供了更多可能。

2. Sonazoid超声造影(S-CEUS)在肝脏局灶性病变诊断中的应用

2.1. 肝脏局灶性病变的诊断及鉴别诊断

Sonazoid作为第二代造影剂,可提供高超的实时血管成像和持久稳定的Kupffer相位成像,持续时间超过60分钟。尤其是对于有多个病变的患者,因为其血管后期较长 [5],因此可以对整个肝脏进行多次扫描,观察到更多微小的细节可能有助于更全面地评估病变。

据报道,S-CEUS能够在Kupffer期提供目标病变的连续成像,在诊断小肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC) (<2 cm)时具有94.7%的敏感性和81.8%的特异性 [6]。在一项纳入169例肝脏局灶性病变患者行S-CEUS的研究中 [7],病变包括肝细胞癌(HCC)、肝转移瘤(Liver Metastases)、其他恶性病变、血管瘤(Hemangioma)、局灶性结节增生(Focal Nodular Hyperplasia, FNH)和其他良性病变。使用S-CEUS较常规超声在诊断目标病变为良性或恶性方面的准确性提高了17.0%~22.1%。S-CEUS诊断靶病变良恶性的敏感性是77.4%~86.9%,特异性是54.1%~62.4%,与CT/MRI影像对比后诊断的敏感性是75.3%~79.8%,特异性是80.2%~85.0%。该研究表明Sonazoid在区分肝脏恶性病变和良性病变方面均具有较高的敏感性和特异性。

超声检查、血管期对比增强超声检查和Kupffer相位对比增强超声检查的病变检出率分别为77.3%、84.0%和92.0%,3种方式间差异显著(P = 0.034),Kupffer相位增强超声检查的病变显性显著增加(P < 0.001)。活检的技术成功率为95.2%。研究表明与超声检查相比,使用S-CEUS可增加肝脏病变的显性,并且可用于实时指导经皮活检 [8]。

2.2. 肝脏局灶性病变血流灌注特征

根据肝恶性肿瘤病灶多由肝动脉供血,血流一般较良性病灶更加丰富的病理学根据,实时S-CEUS观察病灶血流灌注特征 [9],肝脏良性病灶的始增时间、达峰时间、减退时间、持续强化时间均大于恶性病灶,而良性病灶超声造影峰值强度低于恶性病灶,说明两者在实时超声造影血流灌注特征方面存在显著性差异,为肝脏肿瘤良恶性鉴别提供了依据。

3. S-CEUS在肝脏局灶性病变治疗中的应用

3.1. 在保守治疗中的应用

肝脓肿(Liver Abscess)是由细菌或阿米巴虫引起的,腔内含有脓液。该病的死亡率为9%~80%,因此需要适当的治疗以获得有利的预后 [10]。Masahiro Morita等人发现造影剂超声动脉期脓肿的增强率可用作保守治疗的标志物。虽然根据CEUS的血管后阶段很难对肝脓肿病例做出治疗决策,但动脉期的增强率可以预 [11] 测对保守治疗的反应。

3.2. 在手术中的应用

在肝切除术中,小的肝病变有时很难被医生发现,而残留病变的局部复发率高 [12]。术中S-CEUS诊断的敏感性97.6% (95% CI 91.8~99.4),阳性预测值为91.2% (95% CI 83.6~95.5)。实时虚拟超声(RVS),也被称为实时融合成像(fusion imaging),可以将扫描的超声图像和计算机断层扫描(CT)和/或磁共振(MR)的重建图像在超声系统的同一屏幕上可视化。有研究表示 [13] RVS-CEUS对小病灶(< 10 mm)的检出率为90%,其他术前方式的检出率为50% (CE-CT)和100% (EOB-MRI),因此术中使用RVS-CEUS对化疗后转移性肝脏小病变有较高的诊断价值,可作为 < 10 mm肝切除的有效术中诊断技术。

传统的肝脏分割放射学方法基于肝静脉和门静脉的位置。在解剖学肝切除术中使用Sonazoid注射到肝内门静脉分支中,以估计由目标门静脉分支供养的体积。外科医生可以确认注射的微泡是否正确灌注到目标节段,从而可以通过遵循肝表面节段的边界来确定横断线 [14] [15]。该技术对于准确的解剖肝切除术很有用。

然而,在手术过程中,根据肝门静脉血流的分布切除肝段。这种差异可能导致许多问题,例如临床医生之间的沟通不畅,缺少肝肿块的节段位置,以及延长肝切除术的风险。Taehyuk Ham等人 [16] 设计了S-CEUS来确定肝段的新方法。在38例患者中有31例(81%)区分了目标段。该方法可能有助于确定手术的确切范围并最大限度地减少肝脏切除。此外,它的侵入性也很小。

3.3. 在射频消融治疗中的应用

射频消融(Radiofrequency Ablation, RFA)是对肝脏肿瘤治疗的常用方法,可与手术切除达到同样的治疗效果 [17]。首先,应用S-CEUS后可增加接受RFA治疗的患者比例[CEUS前21 (95/451)与CEUS后32% (219/691); P < 0.01] [18]。其次,S-CEUS可在消融术识别凝固肿瘤轮廓,且观察烧灼边缘,以评估手术是否成功。最后,应用S-CEUS治疗后5年生存率为58.4%,5年复发率仅2.3% [19]。Angonese等人 [20] 和Kotoh等人 [21] 认为,在RFA期间消融区域的压力可以急剧增加,肿瘤内压力增加引起的爆裂可以将恶性细胞作一个大簇散射,这将使转移性肿瘤在短时间内生长。Dong等人 [22] 认为使用Sonazoid介导的射频消融爆裂现象更少。且在使用RF消融治疗包膜下HCC时由于肿瘤破裂而导致的腹膜播种风险增加 [23],Sonazoid®可以通过抑制爆裂现象来帮助降低这种风险。

3.4. 在介入治疗术中的应用

经动脉化疗栓塞术(Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization, TACE)是将栓塞剂经导管注入导肿瘤供血靶动脉,使其闭塞,从而达到治疗目的的一种介入手术。在肝脏上可用于肝癌、肝血管瘤的治疗。K等人 [24] 的研究表示,使用超声造影(CEUS)监测血流可以更有效、更可靠地进行TACE。

在TACE术后1~2天行超声造影评价TACE治疗肝癌疗效的准确率为83.1% (95% CI, 73.7%~90.2%);灵敏度为68.0% (95% CI为50.0%~83.9%);特异度为91.2% (95% CI, 80.7%~97.1%)。对治疗早期进行评估能够在TACE后几天内计划进一步治疗,且早期评估不完全坏死并判断是否需要额外治疗可以增加总生存率 [25]。

3.5. 在放疗中的应用

放疗是目前治疗肝细胞癌的有效方法之一。在一项纳入了59例HCC患者的研究中 [26],使用SCEUS评估肝癌放疗后1、3、7、10和13个月的疗效,95%无局部复发,5%出现复发。放疗后13个月,在没有局部复发的病例中,SCEUS显示所有病例的肿瘤血管减少,而82.1%的肿瘤大小缩小(>减小30%,与放疗前相比) (46/56)。在所有3例局部复发的病例中,随访期间没有观察到血管和肿瘤大小缩小,病理显示残留的HCC。研究表明SCEUS可用于评估肝癌的放疗疗效。

3.6. 在化疗中的应用

Lenvatinib为治疗晚期肝癌的一线药物,其通过抑制血管生成来发挥抗肿瘤作用。Yuji Eso等人 [27] 证明S-CEUS在用伦瓦替尼治疗后2周内对肿瘤血管的定量评估可以预测肝细胞癌患者的治疗反应。索拉菲尼是口服多重激酶抑制剂,作用靶点之一也是抑制血管新生。Kazue Shiozawa等人 [28] 应用造影剂在病灶血管的平均到达时间进行研究。结果显示治疗之后血管增多组与血管减少及血管无改变组的生存时间相比,血管增多组明显差于另外两组。肿瘤内血管数量和结构的变化可能预测索拉非尼的治疗效果。

3.7. 在细胞治疗中的应用

细胞治疗,包括嵌合抗原受体表达T细胞或自然杀伤(NK)细胞和细胞介导的药物递送,用于肿瘤根除。超声穿孔技术,涉及使用超声和微气泡来增强靶细胞膜通透性,提高了mRNA、抗体和免疫细胞形式的药物的递送效率 [29] [30] [31]。Hyeong-Woo Song等人 [32] 开发了Sonazoid微气泡结合的自然杀伤细胞(NK-Sona),研究结果证实,通过NK细胞与Sonazoid的结合可以实时可视化NK细胞,而不会降低其治疗效果。基于超声聚焦的NK_Sona细胞浸润到实体瘤中的功效有待进一步研究。

4. 不良反应

在一项对524例患者使用Sonazoid的不良反应评估中 [33],Sonazoid注射后不良反应发生率为5.7%。最常见的不良反应是腹泻2.1%、头痛1.9%、消化不良0.8%、腹痛0.6%,寒战0.4%,潮热0.4%和恶心0.4%。所有参与者在没有特定治疗的情况下康复。在有鸡蛋或蛋制品过敏史的患者中,只有当益处明显超过潜在风险时,才应使用Sonazoid。对于右向左动静脉心脏或肺分流的患者,应小心使用。

5. 局限和挑战

S-CEUS在脂肪组织丰富,肋间间隙狭窄,或较深部位和扫描过程中的移动中显示出局限性 [34] [35]。此外,类似于其他超声成像技术,虽然这些问题可以通过改变姿势来减少,但它依然存在盲点,例如肝脏圆顶或肝脏的外侧部分 [36]。其他限制是CEUS操作员的技术和经验,这会影响诊断的准确性。因此,CEUS培训和CEUS考试的标准化非常重要。最后,Sonazoid造影剂仅在少数的国家应用,还需要更多的临床研究。

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