褪黑素在脓毒症辅助治疗中的研究进展
Research Progress of Melatonin in Adjuvant Therapy of Sepsis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1371694, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 118  浏览: 178 
作者: 李慧婷:青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁;童世君:青海大学附属医院重症医学科,青海 西宁
关键词: 脓毒症褪黑素抗炎作用抗氧化作用安全性有效性Sepsis Melatonin Anti-Inflammatory Effect Anti-Oxidation Effect Security Effectiveness
摘要: 脓毒症是一种以高发病率、高病死率为主要特征的临床综合征,可引起全身炎症反应及多器官功能衰竭,严重威胁人们生命安全。褪黑素是一种多功能吲哚激素,具有多种生物学功能,褪黑素对脓毒症的治疗效果与其抗炎、抗氧化应激等功能密切相关,值得我们更加深入地研究褪黑素在脓毒症治疗中的辅助治疗效果。本文主要从褪黑素的生物学功能、褪黑素在脓毒症治疗中的应用以及褪黑素的安全性和有效性等方面进行综述。
Abstract: Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by high morbidity and mortality, which can cause sys-temic inflammation and multiple organ failure, and seriously threaten people’s life safety. Melato-nin is a multifunctional indole hormone with a variety of biological functions. The therapeutic effect of melatonin on sepsis is closely related to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant stress functions, so it is worth further studying the adjuvant therapeutic effect of melatonin in the treatment of sepsis. This article mainly reviews the biological function of melatonin, the application of melatonin in the treatment of sepsis, and the safety and effectiveness of melatonin.
文章引用:李慧婷, 童世君. 褪黑素在脓毒症辅助治疗中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(7): 12083-12087. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371694

1. 引言

脓毒症是宿主对感染反应失调,继而引起全身炎症反应及多器官功能衰竭的一组临床急危重症 [1] ,严重威胁人类生命安全,具有高发病率、高病死率、预后极差等特点。目前脓毒症治疗尚无特效药,主要通过控制感染、支持治疗及免疫调节治疗等集束化措施改善患者预后。在一项荟萃分析结果中,脓毒症在全球ICU院内死亡率高达41.9% [2] ,提示临床医生需要更重视脓毒症的治疗,积极寻找治疗脓毒症的新方法。

褪黑素(Melatonine, MLT)是一种多功能吲哚激素,最早发现于牛松果体中 [3] ,主要在夜间利用色氨酸合成 [4] ,在调节昼夜节律和睡眠-觉醒周期方面起着重要作用。除松果体外,视网膜、皮肤、胃肠道、骨髓、淋巴细胞等部位也合成分泌大量外源性褪黑素 [5] [6] 。越来越多的研究证实,褪黑素还具有抗炎、抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤等多种生物功能 [7] ,在治疗多发性硬化症、新型冠状病毒感染、流行性感冒、阿尔茨海默症、帕金森病、胃溃疡、肠易激综合征等疾病中具有潜在的临床价值 [8] [9] [10] [11] 。有研究发现,褪黑素能够通过抑制炎症反应和强氧化性等特性治疗脓毒症,有望为脓毒症辅助治疗提供新策略。

2. 褪黑素的生物学功能

褪黑素参与多种生理功能。褪黑素除了可以改善昼夜节律外,还通过抗炎、抗氧化、免疫调节及抗肿瘤作用等影响脓毒症病理过程。

2.1. 抗炎作用

褪黑素具有强大的抗炎作用,已在多项实验动物模型中得到证实。一项利用小鼠腹膜内注射细菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)造模的脓毒症实验动物研究,经褪黑素治疗后,小鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α、IL-12和干扰素-c显著降低,抗炎因子IL-10显著增加。此外,与对照组组相比,褪黑素治疗的小鼠存活率及生存时间显著提高,存活率从20%提高到90%,并延长生存时间至4周 [12] 。另一项在角叉菜胶诱导的炎症小鼠模型研究中发现,褪黑素通过抑制前列腺素的产生,使注射褪黑素小鼠的胸膜渗出液和细胞迁移以剂量依赖性方式显著减少,从而发挥有效的抗炎作用 [13] 。另外,其他多项研究也已经证实了褪黑素是一种强大的抗炎剂 [14] [15] 。

2.2. 抗氧化作用

褪黑素具有高亲脂性和亲水性,有很强的弥散穿透力,很容易通过细胞膜发挥抗氧化作用。褪黑素已被证明是一种有效的抗氧化剂,主要通过直接清除各种自由基和调节抗氧化酶活性发挥抗氧化作用 [16] 。一项研究表明,褪黑素治疗可以消除老年大鼠肝脏中的氧化应激,防止过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低 [17] 。此外,Sewerynek等 [18] 描述了褪黑素在LPS大鼠模型中的治疗作用,在该模型中,褪黑素增加了LPS大鼠总谷胱甘肽(TGSH)含量和抗氧化谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,降低氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,提高了抗氧化应激能力,对LPS大鼠的氧化损伤具有保护作用。

2.3. 免疫调节作用

褪黑素是一种免疫调节化合物,可调节先天性免疫和特异性免疫,还可调节多种细胞因子的活动 [19] 。一项研究中,将43只雄性Wistar大鼠,分为对照组(10只幼龄大鼠和6只老龄大鼠)和褪黑素组(15只幼龄大鼠和12只老龄大鼠),为引起体液免疫应答,给所有大鼠腹腔注射46,108个绵羊红细胞。对照组大鼠给予0.1 mL含1%乙醇的磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS),褪黑素组大鼠给予10 mg褪黑素和溶解于0.1 mL含1%乙醇的PBS中,皮下注射7天。在最后一次褪黑素注射后加强注射绵羊红细胞以增强抗体反应,测量IgG1和IgM水平,结果与对照组相比,褪黑素组增加了老年大鼠IgG1和IgM水平来避免老年大鼠诱导的免疫抑制 [20] 。

2.4. 抗肿瘤作用

近年来,褪黑素在抗肿瘤方面的作用已引起人们普遍关注。研究表明,褪黑素可以诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡 [21] 。一项胃癌小鼠模型研究表明,高剂量褪黑激素处理的荷兰小鼠中CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Tregs)及Foxp3 mRNA水平显着降低,而低剂量和中剂量褪黑激素治疗组无显著差异,表明褪黑素与胃癌小鼠体内Tregs减少和Foxp3下调有关,降低了其在胃癌组织中的表达,同时经不同剂量褪黑素处理的胃癌小鼠的肿瘤组织体积均缩小、重量均显著减轻,抑制了肿瘤生长,证实褪黑素具有抗肿瘤作用 [22] 。

3. 褪黑素在脓毒症治疗中的应用及研究进展

褪黑素水平与脓毒症患者的严重程度及预后密切相关 [23] ,提示褪黑素在脓毒症疾病进展中的发挥作用。一项纳入201例重度脓毒症患者的前瞻性、观察性、多中心研究发现,在确诊为重度脓毒症时测量患者褪黑素水平,终点是30天死亡率,结果发现非存活患者(n = 71)褪黑素水平显著高于幸存的脓毒症患者(n = 130)。这项研究表明褪黑素水平与脓毒症患者的严重程度及死亡率密切相关 [24] ,这与Bagci S等人的发现一致 [23] 。大量研究表明,褪黑素可降低脓毒症患者的死亡率,改善其预后。在一项盲肠结扎穿孔(CLP)诱导脓毒症大鼠模型中,将大鼠分为三组,假手术组、CLP组及CLP加褪黑素组,在CLP后静脉注射褪黑素降低了NO及白介素-1b水平,减轻了炎症反应,结果为假手术组18小时内未观察到死亡率,接受CLP的大鼠9小时存活率为73.3%,18小时存活率为35.6%,而经褪黑素处理的CLP大鼠,9小时存活率为100%,18小时存活率为80%。显著提高了CLP大鼠的存活率 [25] 。另一项动物实验中,褪黑素作为一种靶向药通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体,将脓毒症炎症级联反应转变为中度炎症状态,从而达到辅助治疗脓毒症的目的 [26] 。此外,一项首次将褪黑素治疗新生儿脓毒症的研究,10名未接受褪黑素治疗的脓毒症新生儿有3人死亡,接受褪黑素治疗的10名脓毒症新生儿无一死亡,接受褪黑素治疗降低了新生儿脓毒症患者的死亡率 [27] 。提示褪黑素水平在脓毒症治疗中有着重要的应用价值。

褪黑素的给药剂量、给药途径及给药时机对治疗脓毒症的疗效目前尚无统一标准。一项针对社区获得性肺炎所致脓毒症患者的大剂量口服褪黑素研究,两组患者分别接受了20 mg和50 mg的液体褪黑素,结果显示两组的主要代谢水平没有差异,口服20 mg液体褪黑素可能是脓毒症患者的合适剂量 [28] 。另一项单中心、II期双盲、随机对照实验,纳入两组需要手术干预的脓毒症患者,其中14名患者接受安慰剂治疗,15名患者接受褪黑素治疗,与接受安慰剂治疗的患者相比,连续5天接受静脉注射褪黑素治疗患者的氧化还原状态降低,降钙素原、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比例也显著降低,住院时间从安慰剂组的26.64天减少到褪黑素组的21.42天,减少了19.60%,改善了脓毒症手术患者的预后 [29] 。然而这项研究注射褪黑素剂量小,样本量少及治疗天数短,并且没有统一标准,因此,如何给予褪黑素治疗仍需进行长时间、高剂量、大样本量的研究。

4. 褪黑素治疗脓毒症的安全性和有效性

随着褪黑素的广泛应用,其安全性及有效性备受关注。褪黑素常见不良反应主要包括嗜睡、乏力、头痛等,通常很轻微且短暂。一项研究显示,在怀孕和哺乳期间使用外源性褪黑素治疗,未发现重大安全问题或不良反应 [30] 。另外一项评估褪黑素毒理学的研究,将患者分为褪黑素组和安慰剂组,测量两组多导睡眠图和多种实验室检查,结果发现两组之间比较无统计学差异,并没有发现任何毒理学效应,这项研究证实了褪黑素具有良好的安全性 [31] 。此外,静脉注射褪黑素改善了脓毒症手术患者的预后,也并未发现不良反应 [29] 。尽管如此,褪黑素的安全性和有效性仍需要进一步研究。

5. 展望

目前,褪黑素作为脓毒症辅助治疗手段引起了众多临床医生的重视,也逐步证实褪黑素在治疗脓毒症等疾病的巨大潜力,但目前褪黑素治疗仍存在诸多问题亟待解决,需要大规模多中心临床试验以评估褪黑素对脓毒症治疗的临床用途。

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