稀释聚维酮碘冲洗在初次髋膝关节置换术中预防假体周围感染的疗效分析
Analysis of the Efficacy of Diluted Povidone Iodine Rinse in Preventing Periprosthetic Infections during Initial Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13122845, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 68  浏览: 96 
作者: 吾拉木·托合提, 朱洲均, 孙荣鑫, 姜 侃*:新疆医科大学第六临床医学院关节外科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 关节置换聚维酮碘碘伏感染Joint Replacement Povidone-Iodine Iodophor Infection
摘要: 目的:聚维酮碘冲洗法是一种简单的消毒方法,可降低术后感染风险。然而,该药物能否在全关节置换术后预防假体周围感染的发生尚无临床共识。因此,本研究通过评估聚维酮碘冲洗液在全关节置换术后预防感染的疗效,以期为临床预防人工关节感染提供新的理论依据。方法:回顾性分析2019年9月至2022年10月于新疆医科大学第六附属医院关节外科住院并接受人工髋/膝关节置换术的193例患者,根据术中是否使用稀释聚维酮碘将其进行分组,观察组(稀释聚维酮碘):96例,对照组(生理盐水):97例。所有患者随访时间不少于6个月。记录末次随访时的假体周围感染率、浅表感染率、切口不愈合率及二次手术率。结果:观察组与对照组间基线资料的差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性;观察组术后PJI (P = 0.013)和二次手术(P = 0.009)的发生率明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义;而两组间的切口延迟愈合或愈合不良、切口浅层感染的发生率无显著差异(P > 0.05)。结论:我们认为PI能够有效降低TJA术后的PJI和翻修率,并且PI具备和生理盐水类似的安全性。尽管如此,目前现有研究的总体质量仍然很低,需要大型的随机对照试验来明确地回答这些问题。
Abstract: Objective: The povidone iodine flushing method is a simple disinfection method that can reduce the risk of postoperative infection. However, there is no clinical consensus on whether this drug can prevent periprosthetic infections after total joint replacement surgery. Therefore, this study evalu-ates the efficacy of povidone iodine rinse in preventing infection after total joint replacement sur-gery, in order to provide new theoretical basis for clinical prevention of artificial joint infection. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 193 patients who were admitted to the Joint Surgery Depart-ment of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from September 2019 to October 2022 and underwent artificial hip/knee replacement surgery. They were divided into two groups based on whether diluted povidone iodine was used during the surgery. The observation group (di-luted povidone iodine) had 96 patients, while the control group (physiological saline) had 97 pa-tients. All patients will be followed up for no less than 6 months. Record the periprosthetic infection rate, superficial infection rate, incision non healing rate, and secondary surgery rate at the last fol-low-up. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in baseline data between the ob-servation group and the control group (P > 0.05), indicating comparability; The incidence of post-operative PJI (P = 0.013) and secondary surgery (P = 0.009) in the observation group was signifi-cantly lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant; There was no significant difference in the incidence of delayed or poor healing of incisions or superficial infection between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: We believe that PI can effectively reduce the PJI and revision rate after TJA surgery, and PI has safety similar to physiological saline. Never-theless, the overall quality of existing research is still very low, and large- scale randomized con-trolled trials are needed to clearly answer these questions.
文章引用:吾拉木·托合提, 朱洲均, 孙荣鑫, 姜侃. 稀释聚维酮碘冲洗在初次髋膝关节置换术中预防假体周围感染的疗效分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(12): 20213-20219. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13122845

1. 引言

全关节置换术(total joint arthroplasty, TJA)中的假体周围关节感染(prosthetic joint infection, PJI)是一种毁灭性和经济昂贵的并发症 [1] [2] [3] 。随着人口老龄化的加剧,这也促进了TJA的数量前所未有的增长 [4] ,仅在美国,每年就更换了超过100万个髋关节和膝关节 [5] 。

深层假体周围关节感染是一种罕见但毁灭性的并发症,与巨大的经济、身体和心理成本相关 [6] 。因此,临床上采用了多种方法来消除术后感染 [7] 。如术前抗生素的使用、手术区域的良好准备以及无菌操作等。其中,切口缝合前的冲洗是常用的方法,目的是降低关节感染的风险 [8] ,并且有许多研究已经描述了多种冲洗解决方案。虽然已经采取了降低感染发生率的措施,但预计的关节置换手术数量的增加导致了这种并发症在未来会更频繁 [9] 。因此目前急需找到一种既有效又经济的方案预防TJA后的感染。

稀释聚维酮碘(Dilute povidone-iodine, PI)作为一种灌溉溶液具有强大的抗菌性能 [10] 。碘伏中含有聚维酮碘,它是聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和元素碘的稳定化学配合物,逐渐释放游离碘,对微生物有毒 [10] 。这种防腐剂已被证明具有广谱杀菌活性,对人体的毒性或副作用最小 [11] 。脊柱手术中,稀释的PI冲洗已被证明可以减少术后感染 [12] [13] 。然而,PJI与脊柱外科手术中的手术部位感染不同。这是因为PJI表现出特殊的病理表现,包括生物膜形成 [14] 和特定的生物特征 [15] ;因此,PI冲洗在预防假体周围感染方面的效果可能不如在脊柱外科预防感染方面的效能。事实上,最近关于稀释聚维酮碘冲洗对预防假体周围感染的有效性的研究结果是有争议的 [16] 。

我们研究的目的是确定在切口缝合前应用稀释的PI冲洗术区,以评估PI在初次全髋关节和全膝关节置换术后预防深层PJI的疗效和安全性。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

我们在本研究开始之前就已经获得了伦理委员会的批准。回顾性分析自2019年9月至2022年10月于新疆医科大学第六附属医院关节外科住院并接受人工髋/膝关节置换术的193例患者;根据术中是否使用稀释聚维酮碘将其进行分组,观察组(1升2% PI):96例,对照组(1升生理盐水):97例。

纳入标准:1) 初次行TJA的患者;2) 签署知情同意书者;3) 随访数据完整;4) 获得新疆医科大学第六临床医学院伦理同意。

排除标准:1) 小于18岁,不能或拒绝签署知情同意书;2) 对碘伏过敏:3) 患有慢性免疫抑制(即人类免疫缺陷病毒/获得性免疫缺陷综合征或癌症免疫抑制剂);4) 术前2周内因任何原因接受抗生素治疗。

2.2. 药物和假体

1) PI:2%聚维酮碘,生产厂家:广东恒健制药有限公司;国药准字H44023924。

2) “鸡尾酒复合液”:复方倍他米松注射液1 mg (天津金耀集团湖北天药药业股份有限公司,国药准字H42020019)、罗哌卡因10 mL (20 mg,宜昌人福药业有限责任公司,国药准字H20103552)、盐酸肾上腺素注射液0.3 mL (0.3 mg,远大医药(中国)有限公司,国药准字H42021700)与生理盐水混合共50 mL。

3) 假体:人工膝关节系统(股骨髁、胫骨垫片、胫骨平台),生产厂家:强生(上海)医疗器材有限公司;批准号国械注进20163460369;材质股骨假体与胫骨托:铸造钴铬铝合金,胫骨垫片:高交联超高分子聚乙烯。

2.3. 治疗方法

A) 一般资料收集:详细收集患者的一般基线资料,如:年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)以及患者的联系方式。

B) 术前准备:手术前常规备皮并观察手术区域的皮肤情况;手术前按照外科手术操作规范消毒;切皮前常规静脉输注20 mg/kg氨甲环酸(扬子江药业集团南京海陵药业有限公司,国药准字H20123005)配比200 mL生理盐水,用以减少手术中的出血。

C) 手术治疗:所有TJA手术均由我院副高级以上职称且手术技能娴熟的医师和手术团队完成。观察组:稀释的PI冲洗溶液由药剂师以无菌方式以0.2% PI在1000 ml的生理盐水溶液中制备。假体放置后,将稀释的PI溶液倒入切口中,浸泡3分钟,3分钟后用1 L生理盐水脉冲灌洗手术区域。对照组:1~3 L生理盐水脉冲灌洗手术区域。

2.4. 观察指标

A) 短期结局指标:围术期切口延迟愈合或愈合不良、切口浅层感染(未涉及深部感染);

B) 长期结局指标:深部感染(PJI)、二次手术。我们根据肌肉骨骼感染协会指南 [15] 定义了深部感染 [17] 。

2.5. 统计学分析

我们评估了123例在研究期间接受原发性TJA治疗的患者的资料,并将数据汇编到SPSS软件上进行分析。人口统计学数据和手术参数采用描述性统计。采用χ2和二元逻辑回归分析来比较使用和不使用PI感染率的差异。

3. 结果

3.1. 基线资料比较

术前两组患者的年龄、性别以及体质量指数进行比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),两组间可进行比较(详见表1)。

Table 1. Baseline data comparison

表1. 基线资料比较

注:BMI:体质量指数。

3.2. 短期结局指标比较

术后3个月内,我们通过门诊以及电话随访193名患者,详细询问患者皮肤情况以及自身情况,若有异常及时来院就诊复查感染指标(血沉、白细胞等);比较两组的切口延迟愈合或愈合不良、浅表感染的发生率。观察组有1名患者出现切口脂肪液化,对照组也仅有1名患者出现切口延迟愈合,两组间的差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);观察组有0位出现浅表感染,而对照组出现1名浅表感染患者,予以细菌培养,鉴定结果为:金黄色葡萄球菌感染,经核磁确定感染未触及深层;两组间的差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),详见表2

Table 2. Comparison of short-term outcome indicators

表2. 短期结局指标比较

3.3. 长期结局指标比较

术后6个月末次随访,我们通过门诊以及电话随访193名患者,详细询问患者自身情况,若有异常及时来院就诊复查感染指标(血沉、白细胞等);比较两组的PJI、二次翻修手术的发生率。观察组有2名患者出现PJI,对照组有5名患者出现PJI,对照组PJI的发生率明显高于观察组,两组间的差异有显著统计学意义(P < 0.05);观察组有2位经历了二次翻修手术,而对照组出现6名二次翻修手术患者,对照组二次翻修手术的发生率明显高于观察组,两组间的差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),详见表3

Table 3. Comparison of the long-term outcome measures

表3. 长期结局指标比较

注:PJI (假体周围感染);aP < 0.05,差异具有统计学意义。

4. 讨论

假体周围关节感染(PJI),是一种灾难性的并发症,具有毁灭性的影响且翻修时非常具有挑战性 [18] 。PJI存在多种危险因素,分为术前、围手术期和术后因素,术前因素包括吸烟、医疗/娱乐性药物、肥胖、抗生素使用和一般患者优化,包括营养和血糖控制 [19] 。随后,重点是术中因素,如手术时间延长、皮肤准备时间延长、手术室开门频率增加和广泛的软组织剥离 [20] [21] 。尽管目前手术医生和都已认识到PJI的危害,TJA术后的关节感染的患病率仍为0.3%~1.9% [22] 。除了手术后的死亡率外,TJA后最令人生畏和最不愿发生的并发症几乎肯定是PJI。不幸的是,Kamath等 [1] 最近进行的一项大规模全国住院患者样本研究确定,PJI是人工全膝关节置换翻修的最常见指征,也是翻修人工全髋关节置换术的第三大常见指征。此外,Kelly等 [23] 认为PJI是全髋关节置换术后90天内再入院的最常见原因,是全膝关节置换后第三常见原因。

我们的研究显示:稀释PI组的长期结局指标(假体周围感染、二次翻修)的发生率明显低于生理盐水组。我们的研究结果与最近一项前瞻性随机对照试验的结果一致,该试验包括478例无菌翻修的TJA,发现3分钟稀释PI,并用浸湿海绵棒涂切口边缘与生理盐水冲洗组相比,感染率显著降低(0.4%比3.4%,P = 0.038) [16] 。Brown等 [6] 研究了原发性全膝关节置换术或全髋关节置换术患者的生理盐水冲洗与稀释PI冲洗相比,PI组从0.97%显著降低到0.15% (P = 0.04)。PI具备安全、廉价、使用简单等优点,在大多数手术室都很容易获得;此外,它具有广谱杀菌活性,包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 [24] 。结合上述研究,可发现PI在初次髋膝关节置换术中的使用具有明显的疗效。

在至少90天的随访期间,PI组出现的与治疗相关的并发症与生理盐水组无明显差异。这些结果表明,PI冲洗可以安全地用于初次关节置换术,而对伤口愈合、浅表感染等临床结果没有不良影响。然而,虽然已知PI溶液对广谱的潜在感染性微生物具有毒性和杀菌作用,但明确该溶液是否可能对人体组织有毒性作用是很重要的。在体外研究中发现稀释PI对牛关节软骨细胞有细胞毒性 [25] 。虽然我们支持在骨科手术中使用稀释的PI冲洗液,但重要的是要考虑到这些对人体组织的潜在副作用,并使用适当的稀释溶液,且不超过必要的浸泡时间,3 min是众多研究人员所一致认可的安全时间 [26] [27] 。

本研究存在一些局限性:① 首先,我们在本质上受到了该研究的回顾性性质的限制,可能会存在一些偏倚。② 在本研究期间,外科医生的技术发生了变化,因此无法确定这些变化对感染率的影响。这些因素包括切口大小的变化(在某些地方强调较小的切口可能增加了术中皮肤张力引起的感染风险)、切口缝合材料和皮肤密封剂的类型。③ 随访时间较短、样本量小,可能会对结果产生影响。

综上所述,我们认为PI能够有效降低TJA术后的PJI和翻修率,并且PI具备和生理盐水类似的安全性。尽管如此,目前现有研究的总体质量仍然很低,需要大型的随机对照试验来明确地回答这些问题。

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