DCE-MRI联合DWI评估乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效方面的研究进展
Research Progress of DCE-MRI Combined with DWI in Evaluating the Efficacy of Neo-adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141202, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 88  浏览: 133 
作者: 程 瑜, 姚 娟*:新疆医科大学第一附属医院影像中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: DCE-MRIDWI乳腺癌新辅助化疗DCE-MRI DWI Breast Cancer Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
摘要: 据世界卫生组织最新发布的研究表明,乳腺癌的发生率已经超过肺癌,成为全球第一大恶性肿瘤,我国乳腺癌的病例数量上升至每年约42万人,并且近年来发病率每年递增3%~4%,但乳腺癌并非是一种不治之症,新辅助化疗(Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, NAC)是一种全身化疗,包括在手术消融前对病变进行局部放疗,它在一定程度上降低了癌细胞转移的风险,并尽可能缩小病灶,这有助于后续的手术干预来控制患者的病情,从而防止其持续进展。因此越早检测出乳腺肿瘤,延长患者生存周期的几率越大。既往研究表明,NAC后达到病理完全缓解(pCR)的患者比非Pcr (部分缓解或无缓解)的患者显著延长了总生存期(OS)和无病生存期(DFS)。随着技术的逐步发展,弥散加权成像DWI (diffusion weighted imaging, DWI)和动态对比增强(Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Reso-nance Imaging, DCE-MRI)等功能性磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)技术,也广泛用于乳腺疾病的诊断中。本篇综述主要探讨DCE-MRI联合DWI评价新辅助化疗在评估乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效方面的研究进展。
Abstract: According to the latest research released by the World Health Organization, the incidence of breast cancer has exceeded lung cancer, becoming the world’s largest malignant tumor, about 420,000 new patients with breast cancer in China every year, and in recent years, the incidence of annual increase of 3%~4%, but breast cancer is not an incurable disease. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC) refers to systemic chemotherapy with local radiotherapy to the lesion before surgical resec-tion, which to some extent reduces the risk of cancer cell metastasis, shrinks the lesion as much as possible, and facilitates subsequent surgical intervention to control the patient’s disease, thus pre-venting the disease from continuing to progress . Therefore, the earlier a breast tumor is detected, the greater the chance of prolonging a patient’s survival cycle. Previous studies have shown that pa-tients who achieve pathologically complete response (pCR) after NAC have significantly longer over-all survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) than patients who do not have a pCR (partial re-sponse or no response). With the gradual development of the technology, diffusion weighted imag-ing (DWI) and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI), Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, such as DCE-MRI, are also widely used in the diag-nosis of breast diseases. This review focuses on the research progress of DCE-MRI combined with DWI in evaluating the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.
文章引用:程瑜, 姚娟. DCE-MRI联合DWI评估乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效方面的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 1406-1411. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141202

1. 引言

乳腺癌是乳腺上皮细胞在多种致癌因素的作用下不受控制的增殖,其发病率逐年增加,NAC是指在乳腺癌局部手术或化疗前进行的全身治疗,现如今已被广泛用作局部晚期乳腺癌患者的首选治疗,该治疗方法旨在缩小肿瘤的体积并杀死癌症细胞,防止肿瘤细胞迁移至远处器官 [1] 。因此,对于指导乳腺癌的临床治疗决策,NAC起到了至关重要的作用。在所有影像学检查中,MRI常常被用于筛查乳腺癌,MRI不仅能够较为敏锐地检测出乳腺癌,并且对于乳腺癌手术前新辅助化疗疗效的评估也具有很高的地位。与乳腺X线摄影和超声相比,乳腺MRI具有较高的软组织分辨率,在乳腺病变的诊断中越来越有价值,尤其是DCE-MRI是乳腺MRI中最成熟的方法,不仅可以显示术前新辅助化疗后乳腺癌病灶的形态学变化,提供良好的肿瘤形态图像,还可以提供化疗早期肿瘤内部供血和组织结构变化的信息,并可定量和半定量分析血管参数,为乳腺癌个体化治疗提供依据。

2. 新辅助化疗

随着乳腺癌发病率地逐年增加,在最新的全球癌症统计数据中,乳腺癌已经成为全球女性的主要致死原因之一 [2] 。NAC如今不仅局限于传统的手术及辅助治疗,NAC逐步应用于其它领域。NAC是指新发现乳腺癌的患者,在还未发生远处转移时期,计划局部手术治疗或放疗之前所要进行的全身化疗,它旨在缩小肿瘤体积将其转化为可手术的肿瘤,在提高患者的手术几率的同时,又增加了保乳率。NAC还被用于评估肿瘤对药物的反应性,因此为患者的后续药物治疗提供了蓝图 [3] 。新辅助化疗也引起了更多的人关注治疗乳腺癌,但仍然有很大的提升空间 [4] 。过去NAC的范围相对于比较局限,仅用于局部晚期或无法手术的乳腺癌患者中,主要目的是缩小肿瘤体积(也称为降期),从而增加患者的保乳率,并可能在反对广泛手术的患者中无需腋窝清扫术。随着各种临床试验和新治疗理念的不断涌现,其治疗模式也从单一化疗转变为目前基于乳腺癌不同分子亚型的新辅助化疗,如新辅助抗人表皮生长因子受体2 (HER-2)靶向治疗联合化疗和新辅助内分泌治疗 [5] 。对于NAC治疗局部晚期乳腺癌后,在大多数可切除肿瘤中,患者保乳率轻度增加(从7%到12%)的同时,降低了乳腺癌的复发率和死亡率 [6] [7] ,此外,乳腺癌存在高度异质性,不同患者个体之间存在差异,对NAC的治疗反应不同,因此异质性也可能是导致乳腺肿瘤对NAC反应差异的原因,特别是在具有相似临床特征(如临床分期、分子亚型)的乳腺癌患者中,患者对NAC的反应有助于预测化疗敏感性,从而指导临床为乳腺癌患者提供更好的后续治疗 [8] [9] 。

3. DCE-MRI与DWI

近年来,MRI逐渐成为评价乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效的主要手段,其优点包括诊断灵敏度高,不仅可识别残留组织和化疗引起的纤维化和增生或坏死,以及多灶性和多中心病灶的检测,还可以用于NAC之前和期间对治疗反应的前期预测以及病理性残留肿瘤的后期预测中。当发现乳腺癌时,应尽快进行根治性切除手术治疗,术后可根据具体病理类型、临床分期、是否存在高危因素等方面进行评估,以确定是否进行后续辅助治疗 [10] 。然而,常规MRI可能会高估NAC后残留病灶的程度,尤其是在以大量炎症或纤维化为特征的情况下。这可能会诱发不必要的手术干预。此外,常规MRI不容易发现相对较小的病灶 [11] 。因此,为了补充传统MRI的局限性,应用功能性MRI技术(例如弥散加权成像和动态对比增强MRI)变得势在必行。DCE-MRI是一种基于快速成像序列的连续扫描,它获得造影剂在毛细血管网络和组织空间中分布的动态信息,并反映微循环、灌注和毛细血管通透性的变化,通过测量各种半定量参数来确定乳腺癌的诊断。病变组织中的微血管系统可以作为生理依据从而去评价病变组织的生理结构,与常规MRI相比,DCE-MRI通过各种参数分析组织中血管的密度、完整性和通透性,从病灶中获得形态学特征信息,阐明肿瘤内部的生物学变化,从而在评估乳腺癌NAC的疗效中发挥作用。但是值得注意的是,DCE-MRI需要使用造影剂,这可能会在一小部分患者中引起并发症,包括过敏反应和肾源性系统性纤维化。

有研究表明,DWI可以通过评估微环境水分子的扩散程度、肿瘤细胞结构和细胞膜完整性来早期检测NAC治疗反应 [12] 。化疗药物可以杀死肿瘤细胞,降低肿瘤组织中的细胞密度,增加组织间隙,并具有移动更快的水分子运动 [13] 。与传统的MRI序组列不同,DWI检测得到的ADC值可以更加准确地量化组织内部水分子的扩散值,以便评估病理和生理条件下组织和成分中的水分子交换,从而有效揭示患者肿瘤病变的程度 [14] 。值得注意的是,化疗或放疗后,血管的长度、厚度、微血管密度、通透性和血流速度可能在肿瘤大小发生变化之前发生变化。仅使用化疗前ADC值预测乳腺癌NAC反应的准确性需要在临床上进一步评估。

与单纯形态学检查相比,DCE-MRI联合ADC可以更早使用,DCE-MRI诊断成像与DWI相结合,可直接反映乳腺癌患者NAC后的病变情况,在评估NAC对乳腺癌的疗效方面更准确、更客观。显然,DCE-MRI和DWI有自己的特点和优势,单独应用它们是次优的。通过将 DCE-MRI 和DWI两者相结合,两者取长补短,共同评估乳腺癌患者对NAC的治疗反应。DCE-MRI参数和ADC值的组合可能是病理反应的良好早期预测因子,其诊断效率高于DCE-MRI参数或单独的ADC值。

4. DCE-MRI与DWI评估NAC疗效

乳腺癌患者NAC术后疗效反应可分为完全缓解(pCR)、部分缓解和不缓解三类。部分缓解还可进一步分为单中心病灶缩小、主要残留病灶伴卫星病灶和基于微观形态的多灶性残留病灶 [15] [16] [17] 。Fukada等 [18] 提出同心收缩(CS)模式,它与更好的无病生存率和总生存率相关。然而,在他们的研究中,CS由单个病灶缩小和带有卫星病灶的主要残留病灶组成。Wang等 [19] 进一步明确了这一点,将单个病灶缩小定义为1型,将多灶性和斑片样病灶定义为2型,将具有卫星病灶的主要残留病灶定义为3型。他们提出,由于部分缓解的2型和3型存在遗漏微小病灶的风险,所以在接受NAC后复发的风险相对较高,并且不能保证手术切缘阴性。因此,临床工作需要详细区分肿瘤大小改变后模式。

自从NAC作为治疗局部晚期乳腺癌的一线防御措施以来,为寻求更多患者获得pCR,特别是在肿瘤状况不佳的癌症中 [20] [21] ,其给药适应证已逐步放宽。虽然与非pCR (部分缓解或无缓解)相比,pCR 已被证明与延长生存期相关,但只有不到10~50%的乳腺癌患者达到pCR (取决于内在亚型)。因此,为患者正确评估NAC后的反应,并最终预测治疗反应,对于促进患者的个体化有效治疗和防止无反应者的病情发展是非常可取的。pCR通常被视尽管pCR的定义与患者进行NAC后是否仍还存在淋巴结病变和残留原位病变有关 [22] 。残余癌症负荷(RCB)是指对乳腺癌和淋巴结中残留病变的程度进行分类 [22] 。RCB包括肿瘤覆盖面积、癌细胞率、原位癌所占百分比、阳性淋巴结数量和最大淋巴结转移长径 [22] 。RCB的范围为0-III,其中0表示pCR,是我们预期理想的结果,III表示广泛的残留肿瘤负荷 [23] ,与pCR与任何残留病灶的二分类终点相比,RCB是更能反映长期结果的生物标志物 [22] [24] 。

Suo S [25] 等人进行了一项研究,研究表明治疗中期ADC的变化可能预测pCR。与无反应者相比,治疗期间肿瘤ADC的增幅较基线更大。NAC后ADC值的增加被认为是化疗诱导的细胞凋亡和细胞坏死的结果 [25] 。应答者对化疗更敏感,因此导致肿瘤细胞和细胞膜完整性进一步降低,这反映在治疗期间ADC增加幅度更大。在研究中分析的所有ADC指标中,单指数模型得出的ADC的b值分别为200和1000 s/mm2表现出优异的预测性能。

Gu YL [26] 等人报道:共纳入5272名患者,分析了CE-MRI在评估乳腺癌对NAC的病理完全缓解(pCR)方面的诊断性能,合并的敏感性和特异性分别为0.64 (95% CI: 0.56~0.70)和0.92 (95% CI: 0.89~0.94)。在我们目前的分析中,我们获得了DCE-MRI在评估乳腺癌对NAC的pCR方面的敏感性提高(0.83 vs. 0.64)但特异性相当(0.85 vs. 0.92)。通过以上研究结果可以表明DW-MRI成像可以预测化疗的效果并指导临床应用,并且DCE-MRI比CE-MRI具有更好的诊断敏感性。

Li等人提出ADC值与乳腺癌NAC效果的相关性 [27] 。化疗后肿瘤组织ADC值的变化与肿瘤直径的变化呈正相关,ADC值的早期变化预测了肿瘤组织的化疗敏感性,NAC前ADC值较低的患者可能从化疗中获益更多。

以上报道显示了DCE-MRI与DWI评估乳腺癌NAC疗效方面的潜在价值,为提高乳腺癌的临床诊断和治疗提供有用的信息。

5. 总结与展望

通过以上阐述,影像学检查DCE-MRI和DWI相结合为患者提供了更优化的治疗方案及更好的个体化临床治疗方案,延迟生存周期。因此,在开发新技术的同时,在临床应用过程中,必须将宏观成像与微观生物标志物相结合,将实质性指标与功能指标相结合,建立更加科学高效的疾病治疗评价体系。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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