康柏西普不同注药方案治疗视网膜疾病的研究进展
Research Progress on Different Injection Regimens of Conbercept in the Treatment of Retinal Diseases
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142392, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 54  浏览: 7,019  科研立项经费支持
作者: 黄文宏:吉首大学医学院,湖南 吉首;吉首大学第四临床学院眼科,湖南 怀化;于 兰:吉首大学第四临床学院眼科,湖南 怀化
关键词: 黄斑水肿康柏西普视网膜疾病Macular Edema Conbercept Retinal Diseases
摘要: 血管性视网膜疾病是一种以视网膜出血渗出、血管异常增殖等为主要特征的疾病,黄斑水肿是其最常见也是主要影响视力的并发症,糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy, DR)、视网膜静脉阻塞(retinal vein occlusion, RVO)、年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)等患者常因合并黄斑水肿后于医院就诊。视网膜血管性疾病的发生和发展与抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)的显著增高密切相关,因此,抗VEGF药物应运而生,凭借其能使新生血管快速消退、减少渗漏、促进积血吸收等优点,被广泛用于治疗各种血管性视网膜疾病,在抗VEGF药物中,目前国内多采用康柏西普治疗视网膜血管性疾病,并取得了一定效果,但长期疗效有待进一步研究。同时,个体化差异使得康柏西普疗效不同。所以个体化治疗方案将会给康柏西普在眼科中的临床应用带来更广阔的前景。
Abstract: Vascular retinal disease is a disease characterized by retinal hemorrhage, exudation, abnormal pro-liferation of blood vessels, and macular edema is the most common complication that mainly affects vision. Diabetes retinopathy (DR), retinal vein occlusion (RVO) patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) often seek medical attention after experiencing visual impairment due to the presence of macular edema. The occurrence and development of retinal vascular diseases are closely related to the significant increase of anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). There-fore, anti VEGF drugs have emerged, which are widely used in the treatment of various vascular retinal diseases due to their advantages of quickly subsiding neovascularization, reducing leakage, and promoting blood absorption. Among anti VEGF drugs, at present, Conbercept is widely used in the treatment of retinal vascular diseases in China and has achieved certain results, but the long-term efficacy needs further research. At the same time, individualized differences result in different therapeutic effects of Conbercept. So personalized treatment plans will bring broader prospects for the clinical application of Conbercept in ophthalmology.
文章引用:黄文宏, 于兰. 康柏西普不同注药方案治疗视网膜疾病的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 2778-2783. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142392

1. 引言

黄斑水肿是指视网膜黄斑区因各种炎症因子表达,发生炎性反应使液体渗入视网膜后形成水肿,血清蛋白渗出、视网膜增厚、黄斑水肿与VEGF及其受体的过度表达有密切的关系 [1] [2] [3] 。采用抗VEGF药物能够有效消除水肿,减少渗出,而康柏西普是一种国产可溶性重组蛋白类VEGF抑制剂,在国内医保大环境下,相较于雷珠单抗而言,采用康柏西普治疗血管性视网膜疾病的经济学效益更高 [4] [5] 。目前临床上对于康柏西普的最佳治疗方案尚未有统一的标准,本文主要针对康柏西普采用不同治疗方案治疗各类眼底疾病继发黄斑水肿的疗效进行综述。

2. 康柏西普药物类型及作用特点

目前临床上多采用含有贝伐单抗和雷珠单抗的单克隆抗体类药物,以及含有阿柏西普和康柏西普的重组融合蛋白类药物的两类抗VEGF药物进行治疗。研究表明 [3] [6] [7] ,融合蛋白类抗VEGF药物的作用疗效显著高于单克隆类。而中国自主研发的新药康柏西普,其VEGF受体IG样区域使其与VEGF亲和度较单克隆类升高,而半衰期则有所延长 [8] 。

3. 糖尿病性黄斑水肿

糖尿病性黄斑水肿(Diabetic Macular Edema, DME)是DR中最常见的导致视力下降的原因,由于长期血糖控制不良导致眼底视网膜缺氧,多种炎症因子升高,如血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)等。造成黄斑区视网膜神经上皮中的外丛状层与内核层之间的积液,在内皮细胞通透性增加引起的细胞外液体聚集,使视网膜增厚或硬质渗出沉积,从而出现黄斑水肿 [3] [9] [10] 。国际糖尿病联合会(IDF)估计 [11] ,2045年全球糖尿病人口预计达到7亿,其中伴有临床意义的黄斑水肿的成年人数量预计从2019年的1883万增长至2861万。DME的治疗方案分为视网膜激光光凝,玻璃体注射VEGF抑制剂,玻璃体注射或皮质类固醇,目前抗VEGF玻璃体药物注射已成为DME的一线治疗方案,但采用何种注药方案能充分发挥抗VEGF药物治疗优势目前仍存在争议。

3.1. 1 + PRN方案

Li F.等人 [12] 在长达1年的研究中认为,康柏西普1 + PRN注药方案治疗对最佳矫正视力(Best corrected visual acuity, BCVA)的改善程度取决于未治疗时的BCVA,基线较差的患者尽管早期视力改善速度较快,但上限不如较好基线VA组患者,这可能和视⽹膜椭球带破坏及视⽹膜前膜有关。

3.2. 3 + PRN方案及5 + PRN方案

3 + PRN方案是目前临床普遍使用和认可的方案之一。李彬彬等 [13] 将65名DME患者分为两组观察,结果显示3 + PRN组和5 + PRN组两组患者1年内BCVA和CMT疗效总体相近,且两组的不良事件发生率无明显差异。另一篇相似对比研究认为 [14] ,与3 + PRN治疗方案相比,使用5 + PRN治疗方案的患者在PRN期视力更为稳定,后期只需少量注射治疗便可维持疗效。其中,3 + PRN组、5 + PRN组的PRN期患眼注射次数分别为(4.1 ± 2.9) (2.4 ± 1.8)次,可能是样本量大小不同导致的数值差异造成了两者的差异。

3.3. 治疗–延长方案

目前康柏西普治疗–延长(treat-and-extend regimes)方案在DME中应用较少,一项长达2年随访的真实世界研究中 [15] ,采用VEGF抑制剂治疗不同眼底病继发的黄斑水肿,9名DME 患者视力平均增加6.1 ± 4.7字母,注射频率为8.4 ± 1.1次,患者长期处于视力稳定增长状态,在后续的治疗过程中依从性高于接受一般注药方案的患者,TE方案在治疗过程中可根据个体的差异来不断寻找最佳治疗周期,避免对个体的治疗不足和过度治疗。

4. 年龄相关性黄斑变性

工业化国家老年人口中最常见的视力不可逆降低原因就是年龄相关性黄斑变性。主要分为非新生血管(干)和新生血管(湿)两种主要亚型。其中湿性老年性AMD (w-AMD)是由血管内皮生长因子-A (VEGF-A)水平升高,引起不规则的新生血管形成和渗出 [16] ,渗出的液体积聚在黄斑区视网膜层间,可能导致中心视力的急性下降。新生血管组织及相关渗出物可进展为永久性丧失中心视力的黄斑下纤维化。VEGF 已被确定为w-AMD中脉络膜新生血管(CNV)增殖和维持的关键触发因素,采用抗VEGF药物治疗能够显著改善w-AMD患者视力 [17] [18] [19] 。因此,降低血清内VEGF水平已成为治疗CNV的关键。有研究表明,康柏西普显著降低血清VEGF水平,提高患者视力 [20] 。

4.1. 1 + PRN及3 + Q3M方案

国内一项前瞻性、双盲、多中心、假对照、III期随机PHOENIX研究证实,采用3 + Q3M固定治疗方案(早期每月1针,3针后每3月一针)是明确有效的 [21] ,Lei Gao等人 [22] 采用回顾性研究观察1 + PRN方案与3 + Q3M方案的疗效性,尽管1+PRN的平均注射次数小于3 + Q3M组,但3 + Q3M组BCVA显著改善,术后3、6、12个月时CRT显著降低。

4.2. 3 + PRN方案

目前康柏西普3 + PRN治疗方案仍是治疗W-AMD的首选方案,一项使用3 + PRN方案治疗35例(35眼) W-AMD患者的研究中表示,治疗后1、3和12月患者的BCVA及视网膜中央厚度(central retinal thickness, CRT)得到明显改善 [23] ,并且在另一篇相似研究中 [24] ,通过多焦点视网膜电图和全视野视网膜电图测量得出,3 + PRN方案能够恢复视网膜的结构和功能。

5. 视网膜静脉阻塞

视网膜静脉阻塞(retinal vein occlusion, RVO)是一种多种机理共同造成的、发病率较高的视网膜血管疾病。根据阻塞部位分为:中央静脉、分支静脉及半侧分支静脉阻塞,RVO患者多是由于VEGF及其受体的过度表达导致黄斑水肿 [25] ,从而出现视力下降,康柏西普能有效改善其黄斑微循环,增加视网膜血供,改善患者视力,改善患者生活质量 [26] 。

5.1. 1 + PRN方案

国内俨然等人的研究表明 [27] ,采用1 + PRN治疗CRVO组和BRVO组患者并随访一年,在第12个月BRVO组(26 (15, 30)字母)视力增益多于CRVO组(15 (5, 25)字母),这可能与BRVO组基线BCVA优于CRVO组,以及注射次数较多有关。

5.2. 3 + PRN方案

康柏西普采用3 + PRN方案治疗后,能显著降低CRVO中房水内VEGF、胎盘生长因子和炎症因子的浓度,但可能使VEGF和炎性细胞因子之间的平衡中断以及伴随的炎性细胞因子过量,使CRT较基线上升110%以上出现反弹ME [28] ,令人意外的是,一项针对BRVO相似研究中,康柏西普仅仅降低了房水内VEGF浓度,其他细胞因子的浓度没有明显改变 [29] ,可能是因为RVO的类型和在房水中取样而非玻璃体中取样有关。从而影响了基线的炎症细胞因子水平,以及接受抗VEGF治疗后观察到的变化。一项采用3 + PRN方案治疗BRVO和CRVO患者的临床试验研究中 [30] ,相较于BRVO患者,CRVO患者CRT下降更为显著,但二者平均BCVA的改善都是相似的。且在真实世界中也表现了相似的疗效 [31] 。

5.3. 5 + PRN方案

一项采用5 + PRN方案治疗CRVO的研究表明 [32] ,连续注射5次后BCVA的表观有效率为48.15%,改善程度优于1 + PRN或3 + PRN治疗方案,治疗安全有效。

6. 总结与展望

康柏西普可以改善大多数患者的视力和黄斑形态,多次注射可以使患者的视力保持一个稳定增长的状态,但在远期随访过程中存在注射频繁,随访过多的情况,而个体化的治疗–延长方案可以在很大程度上避免过度治疗和治疗不足的情况下,使患者的视力在稳定的状态下不断上升。最大限度地减轻患者的医药费用负担,有更好的应用前景。

基金项目

吉首大学校级课题项目(Jdy22088)。

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