肝血管瘤介入治疗的应用进展
Application Progress of Interventional Therapy for Hepatic Hemangioma
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142616, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 36  浏览: 65 
作者: 赖 博:内蒙古民族大学第二临床医学院,内蒙古 牙克石;内蒙古林业总医院,内蒙古 牙克石;陈宝祥, 吴延明:内蒙古林业总医院,内蒙古 牙克石;李艳红:锡林郭勒盟中心医院,内蒙古 锡林浩特
关键词: 肝血管瘤介入治疗病理性质Hepatic Hemangioma Interventional Treatment Pathological Properties
摘要: 肝血管瘤(Hepatic hemangiomas, HHs)是成人肝脏最常见的良性肿瘤之一,包括海绵状血管瘤、上皮样血管内皮瘤以及血管肉瘤,其中以海绵状血管瘤最常见,多为良性肿瘤且无症状,一般不需要治疗。但也有特殊情况需要治疗干预,目前手术是主要的治疗方式。尽管微创技术的发展和普及取得了重大进展,但介入治疗因其创伤小、恢复快以及预后好等优点,仍是肝血管瘤不可或缺的治疗手段。本综述旨在讨论肝血管瘤的病理性质、血供类型、治疗指征,以及介入治疗的现状和进展。
Abstract: Hepatic hemangiomas (HHs) is one of the most common tumors in adult liver, including cavernous hemangiomas, epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas and angiosarcomas. Cavernous hemangioma is the most common, mostly benign and asymptomatic, and generally does not need treatment. How-ever, there are also special circumstances that require treatment and intervention, and surgery is the main treatment at present. Although great progress has been made in the development and popularization of minimally invasive technology, interventional therapy is still an indispensable treatment for hepatic hemangioma because of its advantages such as less trauma, rapid recovery and good prognosis. The purpose of this review is to discuss the pathological nature, blood supply type, treatment indication, current situation and progress of interventional therapy of hepatic he-mangioma.
文章引用:赖博, 陈宝祥, 吴延明, 李艳红. 肝血管瘤介入治疗的应用进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 4440-4444. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142616

1. HH的流行病学及病理学

HH是最常见的特发性良性肝脏肿瘤,通常在健康检查或非特异性腹痛检查时偶然发现 [1] [2] 。既往报告HH的患病率为0.4%~7.3% [3] 。Mocchegiani等人 [4] 根据83,000多例HH患者的腹部计算机断层扫描(CT)和/或磁共振成像(MRI)结果,得出结论:HH的发病率为2.5%,可在广泛的年龄组中发生,但60%~80%的患者年龄在30~50岁间,且女性比男性更易患病,男女患病比例为1.2~6:1 [5] 。其病因目前尚不明确。由于有家族病史的相关报道,所以存在遗传性病因的可能 [6] 。一般认为HH的生长受激素影响,Glinkova等观察到激素可促进血管瘤的进展(OR 3.02 (95% CI 0.99~9.12); p = 0.05),增加破裂出血的风险 [1] [7] 。研究表明,雌激素可使内皮细胞增殖、迁移以及毛细血管样结构形成 [8] 。在1997年,Yakes报道了血管瘤是由胚胎期未分化的毛细血管网发育障碍引起的静脉畸形 [9] 。在2004年,欧阳墉 [10] 等指出,HH是胚胎期卵黄囊静脉发育障碍形成的静脉畸形团块,呈不规则、薄的管腔壁,内衬单层内皮细胞,又称窦性毛细血管(即窦状隙或血窦)。在显微镜下观察时,HH由多个大小不等的异常薄壁和厚壁血窦组成。管腔壁内衬单层内皮细胞,未见内皮细胞异常增殖。HH和周围肝脏之间界限清晰,偶尔有血管通道延伸至邻近的肝实质中 [11] 。上述病理结果也完全支持“HH起源于肝血窦胚胎发育障碍”的理论,是一种血管畸形,而非肿瘤。HH可有纤维硬化的表现,这是种退行性改变,同时可伴有钙化、血栓形成和静脉石等。该过程常起至HH的中心,并可扩至整个病变 [12] 。

2. 临床症状

HH多为无症状,大多无需治疗。但是,多发或较大的血管瘤可出现腹痛,恶心,呕吐和食欲不振等症状,这就表明有治疗的必要性 [13] [14] 。自发性或创伤性出血可导致急性腹痛和失血性休克,虽然罕见,但死亡率可高达36%~39% [15] 。Kasabach-Merritt综合征又称血管瘤血小板减少综合征,也是一种罕见的血管瘤相关并发症,表现为血细胞过度耗竭,导致血小板下降,凝血功能障碍,出现出血性紫癜 [16] 。巨大HH的定义目前尚不统一。国内将直径 > 10 cm的血管瘤,定义为巨大血管瘤 [17] ,而国外则是直径 > 4 cm [18] 。HH较大时可压迫临近组织造成相应症状,如压迫胆道造成梗阻性黄疸,压迫肝静脉和(或)下腔静脉导致布加综合征等 [19] 。

据报道,超声、CT和MRI诊断HH的准确性分别为61%、77%和92%。若患者有乙型肝炎病毒感染或肝硬化病史,则需要更仔细的检查。此外,不典型血管瘤应与富血肝细胞癌和肝转移瘤相鉴别 [20] [21] [22] [23] 。

3. 治疗适应症

HH患者应严格遵循治疗适应证,以最小创伤获得最佳治疗效果。治疗适应症 [24] 如下:

(1) 出现相关临床症状或严重并发症,如腹痛、腹胀、消化不良、破裂出血和Kasabach-Merritt综合征等。(2) HH进行性增大:目前观点是直径 > 2 cm的年增长率,代表快速增长。若初检瘤体已经很大,可增加各种并发症的风险,建议酌情治疗。(3) 不能明确诊断的非典型HH,被发现于合并其他疾病的影像学检查中,如病毒性肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌等。(4) 由HH引起的重度焦虑和其他精神症状,如担心肿瘤生长、恶变或破裂而焦虑或其他不良心理状况的患者。但心理因素是否能作为HH治疗的指征尚未明确。 [21] [25] 。在必要情况下,对于有明确因果关系且症状较严重的焦虑患者,建议酌情治疗。(5) HH的预防性治疗:一些研究表明,无症状HH的大小不应被作为治疗指征,更不建议进行预防性切除 [24] 。但以下特殊情况仍存争议:(Ⅰ) 孕妇伴有巨大HH,妊娠可导致肿瘤快速生长,并造成子宫破裂和出血的结局 [26] ;(Ⅱ) 体型消瘦且肋骨突出的HH患者,而且腹部可触及肿块时;(Ⅲ) 巨大HH患者是重体力劳动者或运动员时。医生和患者在决定治疗策略前应权衡利弊。

4. HH的介入治疗

HH通常优选手术或介入治疗,但两者都各有优、缺点。虽然手术被认为是某些HH的最佳选择,但治疗多发或大面积HH仍具有挑战性 [15] 。由于介入技术的最新进展,手术不再是多发性或广泛性病变的首选治疗方法 [27] 。介入治疗,包括经动脉栓塞、消融、经皮硬化治疗和经皮氩氦冷冻治疗,已逐渐发展为替代手术切除的方法。

经导管动脉栓塞术由Yamada于1977年提出,至今已40余年。随着介入器械的改进和超选择技术的应用,经导管动脉栓塞术因其微创、无痛、可重复、高效等优点,已成为HH的主要治疗方法 [28] [29] 。基本原理是化疗药物和碘油组合,增加了对血管内皮细胞增殖的抑制作用。碘油可延长化疗药物的稀释,使其在HH中形成高浓度的聚集体,从而促进抑制作用并实现窦腔的破坏,引起纤维化及瘤体缩小 [30] [15] [31] 。但临床实践中,治疗效果不尽相同。这可能与血供类型有关。郑贝贝等 [32] 报道了富血供、中等血供及乏血供的有效率分别为:93.33%、83.33%、86.67%。表明血供越丰富,有效率越高。

消融主要有射频消融和微波消融,大致原理都是通过高温破坏瘤体,并使其硬化缩小。孙立波 [33] 等,通过射频消融治疗并统计了34例患者,术后一个月复查完全缓解率为94.1%,且术后随访未见病灶复发,效果肯定。吴珍宝 [34] 等将病人分为微波消融组与手术切除组对比,微波消融组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数、术后并发症方面均明显优于手术切除组。在治疗指证合适时,消融技术可被优先考虑。

经皮硬化疗法是在影像设备的引导下,经皮穿刺病变并注射药物。常用平阳霉素、无水乙醇等。先前的一项研究 [35] 报告称经皮硬化治疗是一种安全可行的方法,其技术成功率为100%,术后随访完全缓解率61%;部分缓解率39%。经皮氩氦冷冻疗法采用冷冻技术,使细胞内冰晶形成,可导致细胞和细胞膜内蛋白质变性、血液淤滞和局部缺血 [36] 。已有报道使用氩氦刀冷冻治疗血管瘤 [37] ,但由于其长期效果不令人满意,因此很少在临床实践中使用。

综上所述,随着介入技术的不断发展和应用,介入治疗已逐渐发展为可替代传统手术切除的新选择。作为一种生长缓慢、无恶性倾向、严重并发症发生率极低的良性病变,HH一般无需治疗。但如果它符合治疗指征,医生在选择介入治疗时应进一步关注其血供类型与预后之间的关系。但是,目前尚无被广泛接受的血供分类标准,仍需进一步研究和探索。

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