诸葛亮北伐对蜀国的影响新论——“北伐加速蜀国灭亡”说商榷

A New Notion on the Effect of Zhuge Liang’s Northern Expeditions on Shu—A Debate on the Saying “Northern Expeditions Accelerating the Fall of Shu”

摘要: 三国时期的三个国家各有所长，也各有值得警戒的失误和教训。蜀汉，是三国之中所拥有土地最少、人口最少的国家，但却在诸葛亮之率领下，对魏国进行了多次的北伐。北伐历来为后人所诟病，在缺乏人口的蜀国，北伐是穷兵黩武，同时放大了荆州集团与益州集团之间的矛盾。但从大局而观之，北伐给蜀国带来了经济、政治上的诸多益处。在经济上，北伐促进了蜀国各行业尤其是农业的发展。在政治上，北伐一定程度上转移了蜀国内部的矛盾。在外交层面，北伐也起到了团结东吴和结好诸戎的作用。本文认为诸葛亮的北伐是利大于弊的，因而“诸葛亮北伐加速蜀国灭亡”说是有待商榷的。

Abstract: During the Three Kingdoms period, the three kingdoms have respectively their own advantages and lessons and drawbacks worth alerting. Shu, the smallest of the three in land and population, launched quite a few times of northern expeditions to Wei under the leadership of Zhuge Liang. The northern expeditions have long been reproached by late-comers, because, in Shu, with a small population, the northern expeditions mean using all armed might to indulge in aggressive wars. Meanwhile, it also deepens the conflicts between the Jingzhou and Yizhou groups. However, seen from a broader view, northern expeditions bring about many economic and political benefits to Shu. In economy, northern expeditions promote the development of all trades, agriculture in particular. In politics, northern expeditions transfer the inner conflicts of Shu. In diplomacy, the northern expeditions also play an active role in uniting East-Wu and others forces. It is proposed in the essay that the advantages of Zhuge Liang’s northern expeditions outweigh the disadvantages. Hence, the saying “northern expeditions accelerating the fall of Shu” is open to debate.