《民法典》语境下所有权保留卖主在破产程序中的权利实现

The Realization of the Ownership Reservation Seller’s Right in Bankruptcy Proceedings under the Context of the Civil Code

摘要: 在优化营商环境的全球大背景下，我国《民法典》采取了兼具形式主义担保观和功能主义担保观的二元担保设计。二元担保观下，保留卖主保留的权利实质是担保性所有权，真正所有权在标的物交付时就已被转移。在保留买主破产程序中，破产管理人可以选择继续履行合同或者解除合同。若破产管理人选择继续履行，应及时向保留卖主履行支付价款和其他约定义务，若破产管理人违约，保留卖主可以依据担保性所有权主张破产别除权以实现价款债权；若破产管理人选择解除合同，保留卖主可以依据担保性所有权主张破产别除权以实现所有权返还请求权和损害赔偿请求权。在保留卖主破产程序中，破产管理人仅在保留买主违约时方可解除合同并请求取回标的物或参照担保物权程序实现价款债权。

Abstract: In the global context of optimizing the business environment, China’s Civil Code adopts a dual guarantee design that combines formalist and functionalist guarantee perspectives. Under the binary guarantee view, retaining the seller’s retained rights is essentially a guaranteed ownership, and the true ownership is transferred upon delivery of the subject matter. In the bankruptcy proceedings for retaining the buyer, the bankruptcy administrator may choose to continue performing the contract or terminate the contract. If the bankruptcy administrator chooses to continue performing, they should promptly fulfill the payment price and other agreed obligations to the retained seller. If the bankruptcy administrator defaults, the retained seller can claim bankruptcy exclusion rights based on secured ownership to realize the debt of the price; The bankruptcy administrator chooses to terminate the contract and retains the seller’s right to claim bankruptcy exclusion based on guaranteed ownership to achieve the right to return ownership and claim compensation for damages. In the bankruptcy proceedings of retaining the seller, the bankruptcy administrator can only terminate the contract and request the retrieval of the subject matter or refer to the security interest procedure to realize the price debt when the retaining buyer breaches the contract.