生物基凝聚电解质在锂电池中的研究进展
Research Advances on Bio-Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes towards Lithium Batteries
DOI: 10.12677/japc.2024.134070, PDF,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 杜天恒, 赵显哲, 李同飞, 钱 涛, 周 希*：南通大学化学化工学院，江苏 南通
关键词: 生物质；凝聚电解质；锂电池；Biomass； Gel Electrolytes； Lithium Batteries
摘要: 传统的锂电池液态电解质存在漏液、稳定性差、容易导致电极腐蚀和体积膨胀等安全问题，限制其应用与发展。凝胶聚合物电解质是一种兼具高离子电导率和优异机械性能的电解质材料。然而，当前凝胶聚合电解质主要以难降解、不可再生的化石产品为基材，从环境和经济因素出发，以来源广泛、可再生、可降解的生物基高分子材料取代化石材料作为电解质非常符合现代电子产业可持续发展的理念。综述了近年来生物基凝胶聚合物电解质在锂电池中的最新应用进展，总结并展望了生物基凝胶聚合物电解质在制备及功能化应用领域的不足、优势及发展方向，以期为生物基凝胶聚合物电解质的研究提供借鉴。
Abstract: The traditional liquid electrolyte of lithium battery has safety problems such as leakage, poor stability, electrode corrosion and volume expansion, which limit its application and development. Gel polymer electrolyte is an electrolyte material with high ionic conductivity and excellent mechanical properties. However, the current gel polymer electrolyte is mainly based on refractory and non-renewable fossil products, and from the perspective of environmental and economic factors, replacing fossil materials by bio-based polymer materials with a wide range of sources, renewable and degradable is in line with the concept of sustainable development of the modern electronics industry. This paper reviews the latest application progress of bio-based gel polymer electrolytes towards lithium batteries in recent years, and summarizes and looks forward to the shortcomings, advantages and development directions of bio-based gel polymer electrolytes in the preparation and functionalization of polymer electrolytes, in order to provide reference for the research of bio-based gel polymer electrolytes.
文章引用：杜天恒, 赵显哲, 李同飞, 钱涛, 周希. 生物基凝聚电解质在锂电池中的研究进展[J]. 物理化学进展, 2024, 13(4): 685-698. https://doi.org/10.12677/japc.2024.134070

参考文献

[1] Wan, J., Xie, J., Mackanic, D.G., Burke, W., Bao, Z. and Cui, Y. (2018) Status, Promises, and Challenges of Nanocomposite Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe and High Performance Lithium Batteries. Materials Today Nano, 4, 1-16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[2] Zhou, D., Shanmukaraj, D., Tkacheva, A., Armand, M. and Wang, G. (2019) Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Batteries: Advances and Prospects. Chem, 5, 2326-2352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[3] Xu, K. (2014) Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond. Chemical Reviews, 114, 11503-11618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Cho, Y., Hwang, C., Cheong, D.S., Kim, Y. and Song, H. (2018) Gel/Solid Polymer Electrolytes Characterized by in Situ Gelation or Polymerization for Electrochemical Energy Systems. Advanced Materials, 31, Article ID: 1804909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Manthiram, A., Yu, X. and Wang, S. (2017) Lithium Battery Chemistries Enabled by Solid-State Electrolytes. Nature Reviews Materials, 2, Article No. 16103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[6] Zhang, S., Ueno, K., Dokko, K. and Watanabe, M. (2015) Recent Advances in Electrolytes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Advanced Energy Materials, 5, Article ID: 1500117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[7] Yi, J.X., Huo, Z.P., Abdullah, M.A., et al. (2018) Development and Application of Electrolytes in Supercapacitors. Progress in Chemistry, 30, 1624-1633.
[8] Zhong, C., Deng, Y., Hu, W., Qiao, J., Zhang, L. and Zhang, J. (2015) A Review of Electrolyte Materials and Compositions for Electrochemical Supercapacitors. Chemical Society Reviews, 44, 7484-7539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Zhu, M., Wu, J., Wang, Y., Song, M., Long, L., Siyal, S.H., et al. (2019) Recent Advances in Gel Polymer Electrolyte for High-Performance Lithium Batteries. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 37, 126-142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[10] Wang, Z., Burra, K.G., Lei, T. and Gupta, A.K. (2021) Co-pyrolysis of Waste Plastic and Solid Biomass for Synergistic Production of Biofuels and Chemicals—A Review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 84, Article ID: 100899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[11] Das, P., V.P., C., Mathimani, T. and Pugazhendhi, A. (2021) Recent Advances in Thermochemical Methods for the Conversion of Algal Biomass to Energy. Science of The Total Environment, 766, Article ID: 144608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Lin, Z., Li, S. and Huang, J. (2021) Natural Cellulose Substance Based Energy Materials. Chemistry—An Asian Journal, 16, 378-396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Wang, Z., Lee, Y., Kim, S., Seo, J., Lee, S. and Nyholm, L. (2020) Why Cellulose‐based Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices? Advanced Materials, 33, Article ID: 2000892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Dai, L., Cheng, T., Wang, Y., Lu, H., Nie, S., He, H., et al. (2019) Injectable All-Polysaccharide Self-Assembling Hydrogel: A Promising Scaffold for Localized Therapeutic Proteins. Cellulose, 26, 6891-6901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[15] Xu, T., Liu, K., Sheng, N., Zhang, M., Liu, W., Liu, H., et al. (2022) Biopolymer-based Hydrogel Electrolytes for Advanced Energy Storage/conversion Devices: Properties, Applications, and Perspectives. Energy Storage Materials, 48, 244-262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[16] Raghavan, A. and Ghosh, S. (2021) Recent Advancements on Biopolymer‐ Based Flexible Electrolytes for Next‐Gen Supercaps and Batteries: A Brief Sketch. ChemistrySelect, 6, 13647-13663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[17] Cywar, R.M., Rorrer, N.A., Hoyt, C.B., Beckham, G.T. and Chen, E.Y.-. (2021) Bio-Based Polymers with Performance-Advantaged Properties. Nature Reviews Materials, 7, 83-103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[18] Xun, Z., Ni, S., Gao, Z., Zhang, Y., Gu, J. and Huo, P. (2019) Construction of Polymer Electrolyte Based on Soybean Protein Isolate and Hydroxyethyl Cellulose for a Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitor. Polymers, 11, Article 1895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Sun, Z., Qu, K., You, Y., Huang, Z., Liu, S., Li, J., et al. (2021) Overview of Cellulose-Based Flexible Materials for Supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9, 7278-7300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[20] Li, Z., Xu, Q., Zhang, L., Wang, X., He, F., Cheng, J., et al. (2020) Synthesis of Ultrahigh-Surface-Area Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Materials from Carboxymethyl Cellulose Based Protic Polyanion Ionic Liquids for High Performance Supercapacitors. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 4, 3418-3427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[21] Liu, J., Song, H., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, J. and Ba, X. (2019) Stretchable, Self-Healable, and Reprocessable Chemical Cross-Linked Ionogels Electrolytes Based on Gelatin for Flexible Supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Science, 55, 3991-4004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[22] Soeda, K., Yamagata, M. and Ishikawa, M. (2015) Outstanding Features of Alginate-Based Gel Electrolyte with Ionic Liquid for Electric Double Layer Capacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 280, 565-572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[23] Hadad, S., Hamrahjoo, M., Dehghani, E., Salami-Kalajahi, M., Eliseeva, S.N. and Roghani-Mamaqani, H. (2022) Semi-interpenetrated Polymer Networks Based on Modified Cellulose and Starch as Gel Polymer Electrolytes for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries. Cellulose, 29, 3423-3437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[24] Ojanguren, A., Mittal, N., Lizundia, E. and Niederberger, M. (2021) Stable Na Electrodeposition Enabled by Agarose-Based Water-Soluble Sodium Ion Battery Separators. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13, 21250-21260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Chang, C., Duan, B., Cai, J. and Zhang, L. (2010) Superabsorbent Hydrogels Based on Cellulose for Smart Swelling and Controllable Delivery. European Polymer Journal, 46, 92-100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[26] Yamagata, M., Soeda, K., Ikebe, S., Yamazaki, S. and Ishikawa, M. (2013) Chitosan-based Gel Electrolyte Containing an Ionic Liquid for High-Performance Nonaqueous Supercapacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 100, 275-280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[27] Bi, Z., Kong, Q., Cao, Y., Sun, G., Su, F., Wei, X., et al. (2019) Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon Materials with Different Dimensions for Supercapacitor Electrodes: A Review. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 7, 16028-16045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[28] Muhammad, F.H. and Winie, T. (2020) Influence of 1-Methyl-3-Propylimidazolium Iodide Ionic Liquid on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Using Hexanoyl Chitosan/Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Based Polymer Electrolyte. Optik, 208, Article ID: 164558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[29] Mo, F., Chen, Z., Liang, G., Wang, D., Zhao, Y., Li, H., et al. (2020) Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine Hydrogel Electrolyte Building Separated Positive/Negative Ion Migration Channels for Aqueous Zn‐MnO2 Batteries with Superior Rate Capabilities. Advanced Energy Materials, 10, Article ID: 2000035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[30] Klemm, D., Heublein, B., Fink, H. and Bohn, A. (2005) Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44, 3358-3393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Moon, R.J., Martini, A., Nairn, J., Simonsen, J. and Youngblood, J. (2011) Cellulose Nanomaterials Review: Structure, Properties and Nanocomposites. Chemical Society Reviews, 40, Article 3941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Klemm, D., Kramer, F., Moritz, S., Lindström, T., Ankerfors, M., Gray, D., et al. (2011) Nanocelluloses: A New Family of Nature‐Based Materials. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50, 5438-5466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Li, X., Alfred, M., Li, D., Huang, F., et al. (2021) Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogel: A Promising Electrolyte for Flexible Zinc-Air Batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 482, Article ID: 228963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[34] Bai, Y., Zhao, W., Bi, S., Liu, S., Huang, W. and Zhao, Q. (2021) Preparation and Application of Cellulose Gel in Flexible Supercapacitors. Journal of Energy Storage, 42, Article ID: 103058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[35] Xiao, S., Wang, F., Yang, Y., Chang, Z. and Wu, Y. (2014) An Environmentally Friendly and Economic Membrane Based on Cellulose as a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries. RSC Advance, 4, 76-81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[36] Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Sun, H., Dong, X., Cao, J., Wang, L., et al. (2016) A Self‐healing Aqueous Lithium‐Ion Battery. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55, 14384-14388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Kang, W., Ma, X., Zhao, H., Ju, J., Zhao, Y., Yan, J., et al. (2016) Electrospun Cellulose Acetate/Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Nanofibrous Membrane for Polymer Lithium-Ion Batteries. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 20, 2791-2803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[38] Liao, H., Zhang, H., Hong, H., Li, Z., Qin, G., Zhu, H., et al. (2016) Novel Cellulose Aerogel Coated on Polypropylene Separators as Gel Polymer Electrolyte with High Ionic Conductivity for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Journal of Membrane Science, 514, 332-339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[39] Xiao, S.Y., Yang, Y.Q., Li, M.X., Wang, F.X., Chang, Z., Wu, Y.P., et al. (2014) A Composite Membrane Based on a Biocompatible Cellulose as a Host of Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 270, 53-58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[40] Li, M., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Chen, B., Wu, Y. and Holze, R. (2015) A Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Composite of Nonwoven Fabric and Methyl Cellulose with Good Performance for Lithium Ion Batteries. RSC Advances, 5, 52382-52387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[41] Li, M.X., Wang, X.W., Yang, Y.Q., Chang, Z., Wu, Y.P. and Holze, R. (2015) A Dense Cellulose-Based Membrane as a Renewable Host for Gel Polymer Electrolyte of Lithium Ion Batteries. Journal of Membrane Science, 476, 112-118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[42] Zhang, L., Lu, H., Yu, J., McSporran, E., Khan, A., Fan, Y., et al. (2019) Preparation of High-Strength Sustainable Lignocellulose Gels and Their Applications for Antiultraviolet Weathering and Dye Removal. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7, 2998-3009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[43] Ma, C., Ma, M., Li, Z. and Wang, B. (2018) Nanocellulose Composites—Properties and Applications. Paper and Biomaterials, 3, 51-63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[44] Zhang, K., Pang, Y., Chen, C., Wu, M., Liu, Y., Yu, S., et al. (2022) Stretchable and Conductive Cellulose Hydrogel Electrolytes for Flexible and Foldable Solid-State Supercapacitors. Carbohydrate Polymers, 293, Article ID: 119673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Lin, S., Wang, C., Hsieh, P., Chen, Y., Liu, C. and Shih, S. (2009) A Novel Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Lithium Salt with an Ethyl Cellulose. Colloid and Polymer Science, 287, 1355-1358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[46] Cheng, D., Yang, X., He, Z.H., et al. (2016) Potential of Cellulose-Based Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB) Separator Membranes. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 1, 18-21.
[47] Pircher, N., Carbajal, L., Schimper, C., Bacher, M., Rennhofer, H., Nedelec, J., et al. (2016) Impact of Selected Solvent Systems on the Pore and Solid Structure of Cellulose Aerogels. Cellulose, 23, 1949-1966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Du, Z., Su, Y., Qu, Y., Zhao, L., Jia, X., Mo, Y., et al. (2019) A Mechanically Robust, Biodegradable and High Performance Cellulose Gel Membrane as Gel Polymer Electrolyte of Lithium-Ion Battery. Electrochimica Acta, 299, 19-26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[49] Zhang, H., Wang, S., Wang, A., Li, Y., Yu, F. and Chen, Y. (2022) Polyethylene Glycol-Grafted Cellulose-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Long-Life Li-Ion Batteries. Applied Surface Science, 593, Article ID: 153411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[50] Liu, J., Li, W., Zuo, X., Liu, S. and Li, Z. (2013) Polyethylene-supported Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Blended Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Battery. Journal of Power Sources, 226, 101-106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[51] Yu, F., Zhang, H., Zhao, L., Sun, Z., Li, Y., Mo, Y., et al. (2020) A Flexible Cellulose/Methylcellulose Gel Polymer Electrolyte Endowing Superior Li+ Conducting Property for Lithium Ion Battery. Carbohydrate Polymers, 246, Article ID: 116622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[52] Zhu, Y.S., Xiao, S.Y., Li, M.X., Chang, Z., Wang, F.X., Gao, J., et al. (2015) Natural Macromolecule Based Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Adjustable Porosity for Lithium Ion Batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 288, 368-375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[53] Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Yu, J., Ma, J., Wang, Z., Fan, Y., et al. (2019) Strengthened Cellulosic Gels by the Chemical Gelation of Cellulose via Crosslinking with Teos. Cellulose, 26, 9819-9829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[54] Wan, J., Zhang, J., Yu, J. and Zhang, J. (2017) Cellulose Aerogel Membranes with a Tunable Nanoporous Network as a Matrix of Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9, 24591-24599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[55] Lopez, J., Mackanic, D.G., Cui, Y. and Bao, Z. (2019) Designing Polymers for Advanced Battery Chemistries. Nature Reviews Materials, 4, 312-330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[56] Liu, K., Liu, M., Cheng, J., Dong, S., Wang, C., Wang, Q., et al. (2016) Novel Cellulose/Polyurethane Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte for High Performance Lithium Batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 215, 261-266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[57] Mantravadi, R., Chinnam, P.R., Dikin, D.A. and Wunder, S.L. (2016) High Conductivity, High Strength Solid Electrolytes Formed by in Situ Encapsulation of Ionic Liquids in Nanofibrillar Methyl Cellulose Networks. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8, 13426-13436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[58] Rinaudo, M. (2006) Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 31, 603-632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[59] Sudhakar, Y.N. and Selvakumar, M. (2012) Lithium Perchlorate Doped Plasticized Chitosan and Starch Blend as Biodegradable Polymer Electrolyte for Supercapacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 78, 398-405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[60] Kumar, M.N.V.R., Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Muzzarelli, C., Sashiwa, H. and Domb, A.J. (2004) Chitosan Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Perspectives. Chemical Reviews, 104, 6017-6084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[61] Ahmadi, F., Oveisi, Z., Samani, S.M., et al. (2015) Chitosan Based Hydrogels: Characteristics and Pharmaceutical Ap-plications. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10, 1-16.
[62] Fu, J., Yang, F. and Guo, Z. (2018) The Chitosan Hydrogels: From Structure to Function. New Journal of Chemistry, 42, 17162-17180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[63] Xu, J., Jin, R., Ren, X. and Gao, G. (2021) A Wide Temperature-Tolerant Hydrogel Electrolyte Mediated by Phosphoric Acid towards Flexible Supercapacitors. Chemical Engineering Journal, 413, Article ID: 127446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[64] Dai, L., Arcelus, O., Sun, L., Wang, H., Carrasco, J., Zhang, H., et al. (2019) Embedded 3D Li+ Channels in a Water-In-Salt Electrolyte to Develop Flexible Supercapacitors and Lithium-Ion Batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 7, 24800-24806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[65] Yang, H., Liu, Y., Kong, L., Kang, L. and Ran, F. (2019) Biopolymer-Based Carboxylated Chitosan Hydrogel Film Crosslinked by HCL as Gel Polymer Electrolyte for All-Solid-Sate Supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 426, 47-54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[66] Lu, H., Hu, J., Wei, X., Zhang, K., Xiao, X., Zhao, J., et al. (2023) A Recyclable Biomass Electrolyte towards Green Zinc-Ion Batteries. Nature Communications, 14, Article No. 4435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[67] Huang, S., Hou, L., Li, T., Jiao, Y. and Wu, P. (2022) Antifreezing Hydrogel Electrolyte with Ternary Hydrogen Bonding for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries. Advanced Materials, 34, Article ID: 2110140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[68] Xu, D., Jin, J., Chen, C. and Wen, Z. (2018) From Nature to Energy Storage: A Novel Sustainable 3D Cross-Linked Chitosan-PEGGE-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Excellent Lithium-Ion Transport Properties for Lithium Batteries. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10, 38526-38537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[69] Li, Y., Yang, Y., Liu, X., Yang, Y., Wu, Y., Han, L., et al. (2022) Flexible Self-Powered Integrated Sensing System Based on a Rechargeable Zinc-Ion Battery by Using a Multifunctional Polyacrylamide/Carboxymethyl Chitosan/LICL Ionic Hydrogel. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 648, Article ID: 129254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[70] Zhang, L., Lu, H., Yu, J., Fan, Y., Ma, J. and Wang, Z. (2019) Contribution of Lignin to the Microstructure and Physical Performance of Three-Dimensional Lignocellulose Hydrogels. Cellulose, 26, 2375-2388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[71] Baloch, M. and Labidi, J. (2021) Lignin Biopolymer: The Material of Choice for Advanced Lithium-Based Batteries. RSC Advances, 11, 23644-23653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[72] Gan, D., Xing, W., Jiang, L., Fang, J., Zhao, C., Ren, F., et al. (2019) Plant-inspired Adhesive and Tough Hydrogel Based on Ag-Lignin Nanoparticles-Triggered Dynamic Redox Catechol Chemistry. Nature Communications, 10, Article No. 1487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[73] Milczarek, G. and Inganäs, O. (2012) Renewable Cathode Materials from Biopolymer/conjugated Polymer Interpenetrating Networks. Science, 335, 1468-1471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[74] Liedel, C. (2020) Sustainable Battery Materials from Biomass. ChemSusChem, 13, 2110-2141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[75] Zhu, J., Yan, C., Zhang, X., Yang, C., Jiang, M. and Zhang, X. (2020) A Sustainable Platform of Lignin: From Bioresources to Materials and Their Applications in Rechargeable Batteries and Supercapacitors. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 76, Article ID: 100788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[76] Liu, T., Ren, X., Zhang, J., Liu, J., Ou, R., Guo, C., et al. (2020) Highly Compressible Lignin Hydrogel Electrolytes via Double-Crosslinked Strategy for Superior Foldable Supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 449, Article ID: 227532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[77] Gong, S., Huang, Y., Cao, H., Lin, Y., Li, Y., Tang, S., et al. (2016) A Green and Environment-Friendly Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Higher Performances Based on the Natural Matrix of Lignin. Journal of Power Sources, 307, 624-633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[78] Park, J.H., Rana, H.H., Lee, J.Y. and Park, H.S. (2019) Renewable Flexible Supercapacitors Based on All-Lignin-Based Hydrogel Electrolytes and Nanofiber Electrodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 7, 16962-16968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[79] Song, A., Huang, Y., Zhong, X., Cao, H., Liu, B., Lin, Y., et al. (2017) Gel Polymer Electrolyte with High Performances Based on Pure Natural Polymer Matrix of Potato Starch Composite Lignocellulose. Electrochimica Acta, 245, 981-992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[80] Gan, D., Shuai, T., Wang, X., Huang, Z., Ren, F., Fang, L., et al. (2020) Mussel-Inspired Redox-Active and Hydrophilic Conductive Polymer Nanoparticles for Adhesive Hydrogel Bioelectronics. Nano-Micro Letters, 12, Article No. 169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[81] Shabanov, N.S., Rabadanov, K.S., Gafurov, M.M., Isaev, A.B., Sobola, D.S., Suleimanov, S.I., et al. (2021) Lignin-based Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Cationic Conductivity. Polymers, 13, Article 2306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[82] Liu, B., Huang, Y., Cao, H., Song, A., Lin, Y., Wang, M., et al. (2017) A High-Performance and Environment-Friendly Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Battery Based on Composited Lignin Membrane. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 22, 807-816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[83] Song, A., Huang, Y., Liu, B., Cao, H., Zhong, X., Lin, Y., et al. (2017) Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Polyethylene Glycol Composite Lignocellulose Matrix with Higher Comprehensive Performances. Electrochimica Acta, 247, 505-515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[84] Thibodeau, J. and Ignaszak, A. (2020) Flexible Electrode Based on MWCNT Embedded in a Cross-Linked Acrylamide/Alginate Blend: Conductivity vs. Stretching. Polymers, 12, Article 181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[85] Han, Q., Chi, X., Liu, Y., Wang, L., Du, Y., Ren, Y., et al. (2019) An Inorganic Salt Reinforced Zn2+-Conducting Solid-State Electrolyte for Ultra-Stable Zn Metal Batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 7, 22287-22295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[86] Jonker, A.M., Löwik, D.W.P.M. and van Hest, J.C.M. (2012) Peptide-and Protein-Based Hydrogels. Chemistry of Materials, 24, 759-773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[87] Yang, J., Xie, Y. and He, W. (2011) Research Progress on Chemical Modification of Alginate: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 84, 33-39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[88] Lee, K.Y. and Mooney, D.J. (2012) Alginate: Properties and Biomedical Applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 37, 106-126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[89] Zhang, M. and Zhao, X. (2020) Alginate Hydrogel Dressings for Advanced Wound Management. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 162, 1414-1428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[90] Liu, Z., Liang, G., Zhan, Y., Li, H., Wang, Z., Ma, L., et al. (2019) A Soft Yet Device-Level Dynamically Super-Tough Supercapacitor Enabled by an Energy-Dissipative Dual-Crosslinked Hydrogel Electrolyte. Nano Energy, 58, 732-742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[91] Ji, Z., Wang, H., Chen, Z., Wang, P., Liu, J., Wang, J., et al. (2020) A Both Microscopically and Macroscopically Intrinsic Self-Healing Long Lifespan Yarn Battery. Energy Storage Materials, 28, 334-341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[92] Zheng, W. (2014) Proteins: From Sequence to Structure. Chinese Physics B, 23, Article ID: 078705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[93] Le, X.T., Rioux, L. and Turgeon, S.L. (2017) Formation and Functional Properties of Protein-Polysaccharide Electrostatic Hydrogels in Comparison to Protein or Polysaccharide Hydrogels. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 239, 127-135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[94] Ma, L., Yang, Y., Yao, J., Shao, Z. and Chen, X. (2013) Robust Soy Protein Films Obtained by Slight Chemical Modification of Polypeptide Chains. Polymer Chemistry, 4, 5425-5431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[95] Zhu, M., Wang, Y., Long, L., Fu, X., Sui, G. and Yang, X. (2019) An Optimal Carbon Fiber Interlayer Integrated with Bio-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte Enabling Trapping-Diffusion-Conversion of Polysulfides in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Chemical Engineering Journal, 370, 1068-1076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[96] Zhu, M., Tan, C., Fang, Q., Gao, L., Sui, G. and Yang, X. (2016) High Performance and Biodegradable Skeleton Material Based on Soy Protein Isolate for Gel Polymer Electrolyte. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 4, 4498-4505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[97] Zhu, M., Wu, J., Zhong, W., Lan, J., Sui, G. and Yang, X. (2018) A Biobased Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Functions of Lithium Dendrites Suppressing and Manganese Ions Trapping. Advanced Energy Materials, 8, Article ID: 1702561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]