畜禽养殖场周边土壤和地下水中抗生素的残留特征和风险评价

Characterization and Risk Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Soil and Groundwater around Livestock Farms

摘要: 抗生素的出现，加快了畜禽养殖业的发展，但抗生素滥用导致的环境问题日益显现。本研究选取了一个规模较大的养猪场，在其周边环境中布设了8个点位，研究土壤及地下水中抗生素的残留情况，并采用不同的评估方法对地下水中抗生素进行人体健康风险评估。研究发现，在土壤样品中，磺胺嘧啶和恩诺沙星未检出，四环素和金霉素仅在S6点位检出且浓度较低，磺胺甲噁唑检出率较高。在地下水样品中，四环素类抗生素的检出率最高，磺胺类抗生素次之，恩诺沙星虽低，但浓度很高。总体上，在土壤和地下水样品中，污染集中于S6、S7、S8点位。在人体健康风险评估方面，使用饮水当量法进行评价时，有50%点位为中等风险，且仅针对低龄儿童，而使用平均每日潜在剂量法评价时，大部分点位的风险都可接受，仅有S7点位的风险不可接受。因此，抗生素污染问题不可忽视，需加大对抗生素的监管力度，更需要研究抗生素在环境中的去除方法，降低环境中抗生素对人体及生态的影响。

Abstract: The advent of antibiotics has accelerated the development of livestock and poultry farming, but the environmental problems caused by the misuse of antibiotics have become increasingly apparent. In this study, a large-scale pig farm was selected and eight sites in its vicinity were used to investigate the antibiotic residues in soil and groundwater, and different evaluation methods were used to assess the human health risk of antibiotics in groundwater. It was found that in soil samples, sulfadiazine and enrofloxacin were not detected, tetracycline and chlortetracycline were detected only at point S6 and at low concentrations, and sulfamethoxazole was detected at a high rate. In groundwater samples, tetracycline antibiotics had the highest detection rate, sulfonamide antibiotics were next highest, and enrofloxacin was detected at low but high concentrations. Overall, contamination in soil and groundwater samples was concentrated at points S6, S7 and S8. In terms of human health risk assessment, when evaluated using the drinking water equivalent method, 50% of the points were of moderate risk and only for younger children, whereas when evaluated using the average potential daily dose method, most of the points were of acceptable risk and only point S7 was of unacceptable risk. Therefore, the problem of antibiotic contamination cannot be ignored, and there is a need to strengthen the regulation of antibiotics, and there is a greater need to study methods of removing antibiotics from the environment to reduce the human and ecological impact of antibiotics in the environment.