自动驾驶汽车侵权责任研究

Research on Tort Liability of Autonomous Vehicles

摘要: 随着科技进步，自动驾驶汽车的应用将成为未来发展趋势，人工智能技术赋予自动驾驶汽车以自主决策功能，使自动驾驶汽车在驾驶过程中不再依赖人的控制参与。有研究预测，自动驾驶汽车有望在2040年大规模普及。但是自动驾驶汽车技术的运用也带来了安全隐患，一旦发生交通事故，其复杂的技术运作机制将对责任划定带来困难。自动驾驶汽车虽可减少人为失误造成的交通事故，但无法彻底消除。如“谷歌自动汽车变道撞车案”及“Uber自动驾驶汽车致行人死亡案”等，自动驾驶技术重新分配了使用人与自动驾驶系统之间的驾驶任务，彻底改变了现行《民法典侵权责任编》第49条中机动车交通事故赔偿责任中传统的人车关系。自动驾驶作为一种新兴事物，其出现会对现行法律制度带来困扰，因而须对现行法律制度进行修改，第一在交通事故责任方面，可以明确驾驶人的义务，来更好地划分责任。第二关于通过安装黑匣子检测自动驾驶汽车行驶数据，能够极大地降低消费者的举证责任，从而更好维护合法权益。第三从交强险制度层面看，通过将车内人员列为受害人，能够更好地分散自动驾驶汽车发展所带来的风险，提升自动驾驶技术的良性循环。以确保未来自动驾驶汽车技术运行更加顺利，有法律规范与保障。

Abstract: With the progress of science and technology, the application of autonomous vehicles will become a future development trend. Artificial intelligence technology gives autonomous vehicles an autonomous decision-making function, so that autonomous vehicles no longer rely on human control and participation in the driving process. Some studies predict that autonomous vehicles are expected to be popularized on a large scale in 2040. However, the application of autonomous vehicle technology also brings potential safety hazards. In the event of a traffic accident, its complex technical operation mechanism will cause difficulties in the delineation of responsibility. Although autonomous vehicles can reduce traffic accidents caused by human errors, they cannot be completely eliminated. For example, in the “Google autonomous vehicle lane change crash case” and the “Uber autonomous vehicle death case”, etc., the self-driving technology has redistributed the driving tasks between the user and the autonomous driving system, fundamentally altering the traditional relationship between people and vehicles as stipulated in Article 49 of the Civil Code Tort Liability which concerns compensation liability for motor vehicle traffic accidents. As an emerging thing, the emergence of autonomous driving will cause trouble for the current legal system, so it is necessary to modify it. First, in terms of responsibility for traffic accidents, the driver’s obligations can be clarified to better divide responsibilities. The second is about detecting the driving data of self-driving vehicles by installing a black box, which can greatly reduce the burden of proof of consumers, so as to better protect their legitimate rights and interests. Third, from the perspective of the compulsory traffic insurance system, by listing the people in the car as victims, we can better disperse the risks brought by the development of autonomous vehicles and improve the virtuous cycle of self-driving technology. In order to ensure the smoother operation of autonomous vehicle technology in the future, with legal norms and guarantees.