商业数据不正当竞争中的实质性替代

Substantive Substitution in Unfair Competition Involving Commercial Data

摘要: 数据作为新型生产要素已成为市场竞争的焦点。在司法实践中逐渐引入“实质性替代”作为评价商业数据使用行为竞争损害程度的重要标准。在商业数据不正当竞争案件中，“实质性替代”不应被理解为独立的构成要件，而是一种用于衡量数据使用行为是否对原经营者竞争利益造成实质性损害的裁判评价工具。本文梳理了实质性替代标准的理论渊源与制度沿革，分析我国现有司法实践中对该标准的适用状况及因无明文规定造成的裁判困境，进一步厘清实质性替代标准的适用边界，同时提出商业数据不正当竞争中实质性替代的四阶判断模型，以期该标准能够在司法实践中得到更成熟的应用。

Abstract: As a new type of production factor, data has become the focus of market competition. In judicial practice, the concept of substantive substitution has been gradually introduced as an important criterion for evaluating the degree of competitive harm caused by commercial data utilization conduct. In cases of unfair competition involving commercial data, “substantive substitution” should not be interpreted as an independent constitutive element, but rather as a judicial evaluation tool for measuring whether data utilization conduct has caused material damage to the competitive interests of the original operators. This paper sorts out the theoretical origins and institutional evolution of the substantive substitution standard, analyzes the application status of this standard in China’s current judicial practice and the judicial predicaments arising from the lack of explicit legal provisions. It further clarifies the application boundaries of the substantive substitution standard, and puts forward a four-stage judgment model for substantive substitution in unfair competition cases involving commercial data, aiming to promote the more mature application of this standard in judicial practice.