微塑料对海洋生态系统的危害及其法律规制路径

Microplastic Pollution in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological Impacts and Legal Governance Approaches

摘要: 海洋微塑料污染已成为全球范围内的重大环境问题，对海洋生态系统的平衡与功能造成了深远影响。本文从微塑料污染的来源及其对海洋生物、生态平衡和海洋循环的危害入手，分析了微塑料对海洋生态系统的直接和间接影响。在梳理国内外法律规制现状的基础上，指出了现行治理体系中存在的法律规定碎片化、跨国协作缺失、监督机制薄弱和公众参与不足等问题。针对上述挑战，本文提出了完善法律法规、加强国际协作、健全监督执行机制和强化公众参与等路径建议。本文旨在为中国和国际社会在微塑料污染治理方面提供理论支撑和实践指导，推动海洋环境保护法律体系的完善与有效实施，实现对海洋生态系统的可持续管理。

Abstract: Microplastic pollution has emerged as a pressing global challenge in marine environmental governance, posing persistent and far-reaching threats to the integrity and functioning of marine ecosystems. This paper examines the major sources of marine microplastics and analyzes their adverse impacts on marine organisms, ecological balance, and oceanic processes, with particular attention to the direct and indirect ecological risks involved. Building upon a review of existing domestic and international legal frameworks, the study identifies key deficiencies in the current regulatory regime, including fragmented legal norms, inadequate transboundary coordination, weak enforcement and supervision mechanisms, and limited public participation. In response to these challenges, the paper proposes legal governance pathways encompassing the improvement of relevant legislation, the strengthening of international cooperation mechanisms, the enhancement of regulatory enforcement, and the promotion of public engagement. This study seeks to provide theoretical support and practical insights for China and the international community in addressing marine microplastic pollution, contributing to the development and effective implementation of a more coherent and sustainable marine environmental legal order.