个人破产制度中豁免财产的理论建构与路径探索

Theoretical Construction and Path Exploration of Exempt Property in Personal Bankruptcy System

摘要: 豁免财产制度是个人破产立法的核心，关乎债务人生存权、发展权与债权人利益之间的平衡，也涉及社会公共利益的维护。本文立足于法理根基与实务争议，系统梳理豁免财产的历史源流与功能演进，辨析其在范围界定中“必要”与“合理”的尺度、“形式公平”与“实质公平”的冲突、“静态豁免”与“动态资产”的矛盾，并比较美、德、日三种立法模式的优劣。研究提出，我国宜采取“列举 + 概括”混合立法模式，构建涵盖宅地、职业工具、精神财产与数字资产在内的多层次豁免体系，辅以诚信审查、区域调节与阶梯式未来收入处理等配套机制，以期实现债务人再生、债权保障与社会稳定三者之有机统一。

Abstract: The exempt property system is central to personal bankruptcy legislation, balancing the debtor’s right to survival and development with the interests of creditors, while also safeguarding social public interests. Based on jurisprudential foundations and practical controversies, this article systematically reviews the historical evolution and functional development of exempt property, analyzes the tension between “necessity” and “reasonableness” in defining its scope, the conflict between “formal fairness” and “substantive fairness,” and the contradiction between “static exemption” and “dynamic assets.” It further compares the strengths and weaknesses of legislative models from the United States, Germany, and Japan. The study proposes that China should adopt a hybrid legislative model combining “enumeration and generalization,” constructing a multi-level exemption system covering homesteads, professional tools, spiritual property, and digital assets, supplemented by supporting mechanisms such as good-faith review, regional adjustment, and tiered future income processing. This aims to achieve an organic unity of debtor rehabilitation, creditor protection, and social stability.