从先验到绝对——康德与费希特自我意识观的逻辑演进和哲学影响

From the Transcendental to the Absolute—The Logical Evolution and Philosophical Influence of Kant’s and Fichte’s Views on Self-Consciousness

摘要: “自我”与“自我意识”一直是西方哲学史上的重要命题，自近代哲学之父笛卡尔提出“我思故我在”，以自我意识为核心的主体性哲学便开始形成。康德从“我思”里发现了自我察觉自身的先验能力，基于三重先验综合理论，康德从先验统觉出发，由此建立起了他以先验逻辑为基础的先验哲学体系；费希特受到康德先验哲学(尤其是“先验统觉”概念)的影响，继承康德又超越康德，以先验统觉为基础，提出了三重知识性原理，最终建构起以绝对自我为第一原则的知识学哲学大厦，完成了形式逻辑到思辨逻辑的逻辑革命，推动了黑格尔哲学与现代西方哲学的发展。

Abstract: The “self” and “self-consciousness” have always been significant themes in the history of Western philosophy. Since Descartes, the father of modern philosophy, proposed “Cogito, ergo sum,” the philosophy of subjectivity centered on self-consciousness began to take shape. Kant discovered in the “I think” the transcendental capacity of the self to apprehend itself. Based on the theory of threefold transcendental synthesis, Kant proceeded from transcendental apperception and established his transcendental philosophical system grounded in transcendental logic. Influenced by Kant’s transcendental philosophy, particularly the concept of “transcendental apperception,” Fichte inherited yet transcended Kant. Building upon transcendental apperception, he proposed three foundational principles of knowledge and ultimately constructed the philosophical edifice of Wissenschaftslehre, with the absolute ego as its first principle. This achievement marked a logical revolution from formal logic to speculative logic and contributed to the development of Hegelian philosophy and modern Western philosophy.