马克思人学思想的理论来源及其发展

The Theoretical Sources and Development of Marx’s Humanistic though

摘要: 从古至今，对人的问题的思考与追问都从未止步，从古希腊哲学中人的发现，到德国古典哲学对人的探赜，人的全部面貌仍是一个谜团。马克思虽然没有将人学理论单独提出来，但其人学思想在整个马克思主义理论体系中占有重要地位，他的诸多著作中都渗透着对“人”的理解，成为贯穿马克思主义思想体系的线索。马克思对人的理解经历了法哲学批判时期的“现实的人”、历史唯物主义创立时期的“现实的个人”、政治经济学批判时期的“社会的个人”的两次转变，实现了人学观和历史观上的双重革命，建构起人的自由和全面发展的人学思想，这对人们正确认识自身，克服片面性有重要意义。因此，深入分析马克思人学思想就是展现马克思主义理论当代生命力的重要一环。

Abstract: From ancient times to the present, the contemplation and inquiry into the question of humanity have never ceased. From the discovery of the human in ancient Greek philosophy to the exploration of human essence in German classical philosophy, the full picture of humanity remains a mystery. Although Marx did not explicitly propose a separate theory of human studies, his thoughts on humanity occupy a significant position within the entire Marxist theoretical framework. His numerous works are permeated with an understanding of “humanity,” serving as a thread that runs through the Marxist ideological system. Marx’s understanding of humanity underwent two transformations: from the “real human” during the period of legal-philosophical critique, to the “real individual” during the establishment of historical materialism, and then to the “social individual” during the period of political-economic critique. These shifts achieved a dual revolution in both the conception of humanity and historical perspective, constructing a humanistic thought centered on human freedom and comprehensive development. This holds great significance for people to correctly understand themselves and overcome one-sidedness. Therefore, delving deeply into Marx’s humanistic thought is a crucial aspect of demonstrating the contemporary vitality of Marxist theory.