高速铁路隧道群微气压波辐射特征数值模拟研究

Numerical Simulation Study on the Micro-Pressure Wave Radiation Characteristics of High-Speed Railway Tunnel Groups

摘要: 高速铁路隧道微气压波是列车通过隧道时压缩波传播到出口向外辐射形成的一种环境效应，其引发的噪声与振动问题对周边环境与居民生活造成显著影响。文章针对隧道群地形下微气压波的辐射与传播特征，建立了包含理想山体与双线隧道群的气动模型，采用基于RANS方法的CFD数值模拟，研究了列车以400 km/h速度通过隧道间隔为30 m的隧道群时微气压波在隧道间空间内的传播规律。通过布置不同方位角与俯仰角的测点，系统分析了微气压波的时空分布、指向性特征及其受隧道与山体地形的影响机制。结果表明：隧道群中相邻隧道的存在会显著改变微气压波的传播路径与压力分布，隧道间短距离内微气压波能量衰减不明显，且隧道2对波阵面具有聚集效应；山体地形进一步导致波阵面变形，呈现明显的空间非均匀性。本研究可为高速铁路隧道群微气压波的环境评估与缓解措施提供理论依据。

Abstract: The micro-pressure wave generated by high-speed railway tunnels is an environmental effect caused by the compression wave radiating outward from the tunnel exit when a train passes through. The resulting noise and vibration issues significantly affect the surrounding environment and residents’ lives. This study focuses on the radiation and propagation characteristics of micro-pressure waves in tunnel group terrains. An aerodynamic model incorporating an idealized mountain and a double-track tunnel group was established. Using CFD numerical simulation based on the RANS method, the propagation behavior of micro-pressure waves within the space between tunnels when a train passes through a tunnel group with a tunnel gap of 30 m at a speed of 400 km/h. By arranging measurement points at different azimuth and pitch angles, the spatiotemporal distribution and directivity characteristics of the micro-pressure waves, as well as their influencing mechanisms due to tunnels and mountain terrain, were systematically analyzed. The results show that the presence of adjacent tunnels in a tunnel group significantly alters the propagation path and pressure distribution of micro-pressure waves. Within short inter-tunnel distances, the energy attenuation of micro-pressure waves is not pronounced, and tunnel 2 exhibits a focusing effect on the wavefront. Moreover, the mountain terrain further deforms the wavefront, leading to noticeable spatial non-uniformity. This study provides a theoretical basis for environmental assessment and mitigation measures of micro-pressure waves in high-speed railway tunnel groups.