贵州省中部地区一次冰雹大风天气特征综合分析

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Characteristics of a Hail and Strong Wind Weather Event in the Central Region of Guizhou Province

摘要: 2025年4月11日夜间，贵州省中部地区发生一次以雷暴、大风、冰雹和短时强降水为主的强对流天气过程，对贵阳龙洞堡机场运行造成显著影响，导致多个航班备降与返航。本文基于多源观测资料，包括ERA5再分析数据、贵阳双偏振雷达扫描数据及探空资料，从环流背景、物理条件与雷达特征等方面对该过程进行综合诊断分析。结果表明：本次过程发生在500 hPa短波槽东移、700 hPa西南急流输送水汽、850 hPa切变线对峙以及地面辐合线南压与冷空气侵入的有利配置下；物理量分析显示大气层结具有明显不稳定特征，中层干空气与强上升运动共同促进冰雹生长与雷暴大风发展；雷达监测表明对流系统发展旺盛，回波顶高超9.5 km，垂直液态水含量达62.5 kg/m²，粒子相态识别出“雨/雹”混合区，进一步证实冰雹天气的发生。本研究揭示了贵州中部强对流天气在多尺度系统配合下的触发与增强机制，可为该地区强对流天气的短临预警与航空气象服务提供参考依据。

Abstract: On the night of April 11, 2025, a severe convective weather event with thunderstorms, strong winds, hail, and short-term heavy precipitation occurred in the central region of Guizhou Province, significantly affecting the operation of Guiyang Longdongbao Airport and causing multiple flights to divert and return. Based on multi-source observational data, including ERA5 reanalysis data, Guizhou dual-polarization radar scanning data, and sounding data, this study conducts a comprehensive diagnostic analysis of this process from the aspects of circulation background, physical conditions, and radar characteristics. The results show that this process occurred under favorable configurations such as the eastward movement of the 500 hPa short-wave trough, the transport of moisture by the 700 hPa southwest jet stream, the confrontation of the 850 hPa shear line, and the southward pressure rise of the ground convergence line and the intrusion of cold air; physical quantity analysis indicates that the atmospheric stratification has obvious unstable characteristics, and the middle-level dry air and strong ascending motion jointly promote the growth of hail and the development of thunderstorms and strong winds; radar monitoring shows that the convective system is vigorous, with the echo top exceeding 9.5 km and the vertical liquid water content reaching 62.5 kg/m², and the particle phase identification reveals a “rain/hail” mixed zone, further confirming the occurrence of hail weather. This study reveals the triggering and enhancement mechanism of severe convective weather in the central region of Guizhou under the cooperation of multi-scale systems, which can provide reference for short-term warning of strong convective weather and aviation meteorological services in this region.