中国多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征与风险评价研究进展
Research Progress on Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in China
DOI: 10.12677/ojns.2026.142022, PDF,   
作者: 车宗太：哈尔滨师范大学地理科学学院，黑龙江 哈尔滨
关键词: 多环芳烃；环境污染；来源解析；生态风险评价；PAHs； Environmental Pollution； Source Identification； Ecological Risk Assessment
摘要: 多环芳烃(PAHs)广泛存在于环境中，主要是由于化石燃料和生物质的不完全燃烧、排放工业废气等形成。文章汇总了我国大气、水体、沉积物、土壤中PAHs的分布、来源和风险评价的研究现状。由PAHs的分布特点来看，北方大气采暖期PAHs污染浓度高于南方，城市、工矿区的污染更严重于农村、郊区；水体中PAHs沉淀物主要是中高环的PAHs，与工业构成、城市化水平相关；土壤中PAHs在工业区、交通区、老城区的含量高；分布来源分析表明：燃煤、生物质燃烧、机动车排放和工业燃烧是我国PAHs的主要来源。基于风险评价的结果，大部分地区生态风险级别较低或较低，局部高污染地区存在健康及致癌风险，目前监测方法标准化、数据整合、多介质生态过程等方面还比较欠缺。未来的工作需要加强长期动态观测，分析各种区域来源，也要加强健康风险评估，并最终为我国PAHs污染防控对策提供依据。
Abstract: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present in the environment, primarily formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, as well as industrial emissions. This article summarizes the current research status on the distribution, sources, and risk assessment of PAHs in China’s atmosphere, water bodies, sediments, and soils. Regarding the distribution characteristics, PAH concentrations in the atmosphere during the heating period are higher in northern China than in the south, and pollution levels in urban and industrial-mining areas are more severe than in rural and suburban regions. Sediments in water bodies are predominantly composed of medium- to high-ring PAHs, which correlate with industrial structure and urbanization levels. Soil PAH concentrations are elevated in industrial zones, transportation hubs, and old urban areas. Source analysis indicates that coal combustion, biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and industrial combustion are the primary contributors to PAHs in China. Risk assessment results show that ecological risks in most regions are low to moderate, while localized heavily polluted areas exhibit potential health and carcinogenic risks. Currently, there are shortcomings in the standardization of monitoring methods, data integration, and understanding of multi-media ecological processes. Future efforts should focus on enhancing long-term dynamic monitoring, conducting multi-scale source analysis, strengthening health risk assessments, and ultimately providing a scientific basis for PAH pollution prevention and control strategies in China.
文章引用：车宗太. 中国多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征与风险评价研究进展[J]. 自然科学, 2026, 14(2): 197-205. https://doi.org/10.12677/ojns.2026.142022

参考文献

[1] Hrdina, A.I.H., Kohale, I.N., Kaushal, S., Kelly, J., Selin, N.E., Engelward, B.P., et al. (2022) The Parallel Transformations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Body and in the Atmosphere. Environmental Health Perspectives, 130, Article ID: 025004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[2] Ramírez, N., Cuadras, A., Rovira, E., Marcé, R.M. and Borrull, F. (2011) Risk Assessment Related to Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Gas and Particle Phases near Industrial Sites. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 1110-1116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Yao, Z., Zhao, T., Su, W., You, S. and Wang, C. (2022) Towards Understanding Respiratory Particle Transport and Deposition in the Human Respiratory System: Effects of Physiological Conditions and Particle Properties. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 439, Article ID: 129669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Jesus, F., Pereira, J.L., Campos, I., Santos, M., Ré, A., Keizer, J., et al. (2022) A Review on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Distribution in Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Toxicity to Benthic Fauna. Science of the Total Environment, 820, Article ID: 153282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Zhang, P. and Chen, Y. (2017) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Surface Soil of China: A Review. Science of the Total Environment, 605, 1011-1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Wang, Z., Chen, J., Qiao, X., Yang, P., Tian, F. and Huang, L. (2007) Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Urban to Rural Soils: A Case Study in Dalian, China. Chemosphere, 68, 965-971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Cao, X.F., Liu, M., Song, Y.F. and Ackland, M.L. (2012) Composition, Sources, and Potential Toxicology of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Agricultural Soils in Liaoning, People’s Republic of China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 2231-2241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Sun, L., Geng, Y., Sarkis, J., Yang, M., Xi, F., Zhang, Y., et al. (2013) Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Chinese Brownfield Redevelopment Site: The Case of Shenyang. Ecological Engineering, 53, 115-119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[9] Lin, T., Qin, Y., Zheng, B., Li, Y., Zhang, L. and Guo, Z. (2012) Sedimentary Record of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Reservoir in Northeast China. Environmental Pollution, 163, 256-260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Peng, C., Wang, M., Zhao, Y. and Chen, W. (2016) Distribution and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Suburban and Rural Soils of Beijing with Various Land Uses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, Article No. 162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Peng, C., Chen, W., Liao, X., Wang, M., Ouyang, Z., Jiao, W., et al. (2011) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Beijing: Status, Sources, Distribution and Potential Risk. Environmental Pollution, 159, 802-808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Liu, F., Liu, J., Chen, Q., Wang, B. and Cao, Z. (2013) Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Sediments of the Southern Part of the Haihe River System in China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58, 3348-3356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[13] Ma, W., Liu, L., Jia, H., Yang, M. and Li, Y. (2018) PAHs in Chinese Atmosphere Part I: Concentration, Source and Temperature Dependence. Atmospheric Environment, 173, 330-337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[14] Wang, X., Miao, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Wu, M. and Yu, G. (2013) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Soils of the Megacity Shanghai: Occurrence, Source Apportionment and Potential Human Health Risk. Science of the Total Environment, 447, 80-89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] 吕金刚, 毕春娟, 陈振楼, 等. 上海市崇明岛农田土壤中多环芳烃分布和生态风险评价[J]. 环境科学, 2012, 33(12): 4270-4275.
[16] Lang, X., He, X., Wang, Y., Chen, X., Zhang, M., Zhao, Z., et al. (2022) Spatial Occurrence and Sources of PAHs in Sediments Drive the Ecological and Health Risk of Taihu Lake in China. Scientific Reports, 12, Article No. 3668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Zhang, D., Wang, J. and Zeng, H. (2016) Soil Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons across Urban Density Zones in Shenzhen, China: Occurrences, Source Apportionments, and Spatial Risk Assessment. Pedosphere, 26, 676-686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[18] Hao, R., Wan, H., Song, Y., Jiang, H. and Peng, S. (2007) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Agricultural Soils of the Southern Subtropics, China. Pedosphere, 17, 673-680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[19] 昌盛, 白云松, 涂响, 等. 北江中上游地表水和沉积物中PAHs和PCBs污染特征和风险评估[J]. 环境科学, 2022, 43(12): 5534-5546.
[20] Zhang, J., Zhao, J., Cai, J., Gao, S., Li, J., Zeng, X., et al. (2018) Spatial Distribution and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Pearl River Delta, China. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9, 887-893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[21] Lin, C., Liu, J., Wang, R., Wang, Y., Huang, B. and Pan, X. (2013) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils of Kunming, China: Concentrations, Distribution, Sources, and Potential Risk. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 22, 753-766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[22] Wang, C., Wu, S., Zhou, S., Wang, H., Li, B., Chen, H., et al. (2015) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils from Urban to Rural Areas in Nanjing: Concentration, Source, Spatial Distribution, and Potential Human Health Risk. Science of the Total Environment, 527, 375-383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Huang, T., Zhou, J., Luo, D., Li, S., Yang, H., Huang, C., et al. (2023) Sediment Record in Pollution, Toxicity Risk, and Source Assignment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Erhai Lake, Southwest China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 186, Article ID: 114424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Yuan, G., Wu, L., Sun, Y., Li, J., Li, J. and Wang, G. (2015) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils of the Central Tibetan Plateau, China: Distribution, Sources, Transport and Contribution in Global Cycling. Environmental Pollution, 203, 137-144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] 赵涵, 赵军, 徐晓晔, 等. 快速城市化地区土壤多环芳烃的空间分布及来源: 以深圳市为例[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2019, 35(1): 38-45.
[26] 张守文, 李咏梅, 王彩, 等. 焦化厂污染土壤中18种PAHs分布特征及健康风险评估[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2024, 40(2): 266-275.
[27] Xie, T., Wang, M., Jiang, R., Li, L., Chen, X., Sarvajayakesavalu, S., et al. (2024) Comparative Study on Anthropogenic Impacts on Soil Pahs: Accumulation and Source Apportionment in Tourist and Industrial Cities in Hebei Province, China. Science of the Total Environment, 912, Article ID: 168435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Chimjarn, S., Delhomme, O. and Millet, M. (2021) Temporal Distribution and Gas/Particle Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Atmosphere of Strasbourg, France. Atmosphere, 12, Article 337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[29] Ma, W., Li, Y., Qi, H., Sun, D., Liu, L. and Wang, D. (2010) Seasonal Variations of Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a Northeastern Urban City, China. Chemosphere, 79, 441-447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Liu, J., Man, R., Ma, S., Li, J., Wu, Q. and Peng, J. (2015) Atmospheric Levels and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Bound to PM2.5 in Guangzhou, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 100, 134-143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Zhang, X., Yao, Z., Yang, W., Zhang, W., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2024) Distribution, Sources, Partition Behavior and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Waters and Sediments of Lake Ulansuhai, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 200, Article ID: 116072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Hui, Y., Zheng, M., Liu, Z. and Gao, L. (2009) Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21, 1625-1631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] 吉冰静, 刘艺, 吴杨, 高淑涛, 曾祥英, 于志强. 长江口及邻近东海沉积物中多环芳烃和含氧多环芳烃的分布特征、来源及生态风险[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(7): 1400-1408.
[34] Sarria-Villa, R., Ocampo-Duque, W., Páez, M. and Schuhmacher, M. (2016) Presence of PAHs in Water and Sediments of the Colombian Cauca River during Heavy Rain Episodes, and Implications for Risk Assessment. Science of The Total Environment, 540, 455-465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Li, G., Lang, Y., Yang, W., Peng, P. and Wang, X. (2014) Source Contributions of PAHs and Toxicity in Reed Wetland Soils of Liaohe Estuary Using a CMB–TEQ Method. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 199-204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Kalf, D.F., Crommentuijn, T. and van de Plassche, E.J. (1997) Environmental Quality Objectives for 10 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 36, 89-97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Cao, Z., Liu, J., Luan, Y., Li, Y., Ma, M., Xu, J., et al. (2010) Distribution and Ecosystem Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Luan River, China. Ecotoxicology, 19, 827-837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] Wang, X., Chen, L., Wang, X., Lei, B., Sun, Y., Zhou, J., et al. (2015) Occurrence, Sources and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban (Pudong) and Suburban Soils from Shanghai in China. Chemosphere, 119, 1224-1232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]