中国多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征与风险评价研究进展
Research Progress on Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in China
DOI: 10.12677/ojns.2026.142022, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 车宗太:哈尔滨师范大学地理科学学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨
关键词: 多环芳烃环境污染来源解析生态风险评价PAHs Environmental Pollution Source Identification Ecological Risk Assessment
摘要: 多环芳烃(PAHs)广泛存在于环境中,主要是由于化石燃料和生物质的不完全燃烧、排放工业废气等形成。文章汇总了我国大气、水体、沉积物、土壤中PAHs的分布、来源和风险评价的研究现状。由PAHs的分布特点来看,北方大气采暖期PAHs污染浓度高于南方,城市、工矿区的污染更严重于农村、郊区;水体中PAHs沉淀物主要是中高环的PAHs,与工业构成、城市化水平相关;土壤中PAHs在工业区、交通区、老城区的含量高;分布来源分析表明:燃煤、生物质燃烧、机动车排放和工业燃烧是我国PAHs的主要来源。基于风险评价的结果,大部分地区生态风险级别较低或较低,局部高污染地区存在健康及致癌风险,目前监测方法标准化、数据整合、多介质生态过程等方面还比较欠缺。未来的工作需要加强长期动态观测,分析各种区域来源,也要加强健康风险评估,并最终为我国PAHs污染防控对策提供依据。
Abstract: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present in the environment, primarily formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, as well as industrial emissions. This article summarizes the current research status on the distribution, sources, and risk assessment of PAHs in China’s atmosphere, water bodies, sediments, and soils. Regarding the distribution characteristics, PAH concentrations in the atmosphere during the heating period are higher in northern China than in the south, and pollution levels in urban and industrial-mining areas are more severe than in rural and suburban regions. Sediments in water bodies are predominantly composed of medium- to high-ring PAHs, which correlate with industrial structure and urbanization levels. Soil PAH concentrations are elevated in industrial zones, transportation hubs, and old urban areas. Source analysis indicates that coal combustion, biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and industrial combustion are the primary contributors to PAHs in China. Risk assessment results show that ecological risks in most regions are low to moderate, while localized heavily polluted areas exhibit potential health and carcinogenic risks. Currently, there are shortcomings in the standardization of monitoring methods, data integration, and understanding of multi-media ecological processes. Future efforts should focus on enhancing long-term dynamic monitoring, conducting multi-scale source analysis, strengthening health risk assessments, and ultimately providing a scientific basis for PAH pollution prevention and control strategies in China.
文章引用:车宗太. 中国多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征与风险评价研究进展[J]. 自然科学, 2026, 14(2): 197-205. https://doi.org/10.12677/ojns.2026.142022

1. 引言

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类含有两个或两个以上稠环的芳香烃类化合物,主要由化石燃料和生物质的不完全燃烧产物产生[1]。由于其致癌、致畸和致突变等危害,美国环境保护署已将其列为“重点管控污染物”[2]主要有16种优先管控物(图1)。这类物质在环境介质中普遍存在,因其对生态系统和人类健康造成的毒性影响,长期以来一直备受人们的关注[3] [4]。我国是全球能源消费和工业生产大国,受煤炭燃烧、机动车尾气排放、生物质焚烧以及石油相关活动等人为源显著,加之区域发展不平衡,使得PAHs污染呈现出明显的区域差异。因此,对我国PAHs的污染特征、来源及风险进行系统评价与梳理,对于深入了解其污染特征并制定针对性的防控策略具有重要意义。

本研究基于Web of Science Core Collection与CNKI数据库,以“polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (多环芳烃)”“PAHs”“China (中国)”等为关键词,系统检索2010~2025年间发表的相关文献,重点筛选发表于Environmental Science & Technology、Science of the Total Environment、Environmental Pollution和Ecological Indicators等主流期刊的研究成果。根据研究区域将文献划分为东北、华北、华东、华南、西北和西南六大区域,并按环境介质类型(大气、水体、沉积物和土壤)进行分类整理,为区域对比分析提供统一的数据基础。

Figure 1. Nomenclature and molecular structures of sixteen optimized Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

1. 十六种优控PAHs的命名和分子结构

2. 中国PAHs的污染特征

PAHs在不同环境介质中的分布特征受排放源类型、理化性质、环境条件及人类活动强度等多种因素共同影响。根据所检索的文献,提取不同区域多环芳烃浓度,总结出中国不同区域多介质PAHs浓度统计特征(表1)。总体而言,我国PAHs污染水平呈现出PAH总浓度依东北 > 北 > 东 > 南 > 西方向下降、城市高于农村、工业区和交通区高于受人类活动影响较少区域的空间分布格局[5] [6]

表1系统统计了我国不同区域、不同介质的PAHs浓度数据,为更直观体现区域污染差异,将各区域统一介质的浓度均值进行可视化处理,绘制各区域PAHs浓度对比柱状图(图2),从图形维度进一步印证了我国PAHs污染北高南低、东高西低,城市、工业区高于农村、郊区的空间分布特征。

Table 1. Concentration of PAHs in different environmental media

1. 不同环境介质中多环芳烃的浓度

位置

采样点数

采样类型

范围(ng·g1)

平均值(ng·g1)

参考文献

东北

143

辽宁农业土壤

50~3309

388

(Cao et al., 2013) [7]

66

沈阳工业区土壤

290.9~8492.37

2988

(Sun et al., 2013) [8]

40

湖泊沉积物

590~638

614

(Lin et al., 2012) [9]

华北

73

北京乡村土壤

37.5~1245.9

219.2

(Peng et al., 2016) [10]

233

北京城市土壤

93~13141

1228

(Peng et al., 2011) [11]

24

海河系统沉积物

259~11297

1692

(Liu et al., 2013) [12]

44~287

北方大气污染物

6.3~2180

239 (ng/m3)

(Ma et al.,2018) [13]

华东

57

上海城市土壤

83.8~7270

1970

(Wang et al., 2013) [14]

33

上海农业土壤

24.92~1014.61

193

(吕金刚等., 2012) [15]

32

太湖沉积物

1381~4682

3032

(Lang et al., 2022) [16]

华南

188

深圳城市土壤

2~6745

360

(Zhang et al., 2016) [17]

115

农业土壤

22.1~1256.9

318.2

(Hao et al., 2007) [18]

34

北江中上游沉积物

60~636

209

(昌盛等,2022) [19]

76

珠江三角洲大气

3.56~37.2

19.58 (ng/m3)

(Zhang et al., 2018) [20]

西部

40

昆明城市土壤

101.64~6208.25

1133

(Lin et al., 2013) [21]

59

农业菜园土壤

16.68~1938.33

210

(Wang et al., 2015) [22]

18

洱海湖泊沉积物

940~2539

1635

(Huang et al.,2023) [23]

青藏地区

44

草原土壤

0.43~26.66

9.21

(Yuan et al., 2015) [24]

Figure 2. Column chart of PAHs concentration in each region

2. 各区域PAHs浓度柱状图

2.1. 土壤环境中的PAHs

土壤是多环芳烃(PAHs)重要的环境介质之一。PAHs进入土壤可以从多种途径进行,例如大气沉降、污水灌溉、固体废物堆放以及农业活动(如施用污染化肥)等过程,PAHs存在于土壤中。我国农地、建设用土地、工业用土地土壤中均不同程度地存在着PAHs污染。近年来的农田、建设用地、工业用地土壤中均发现不同程度的PAHs污染。研究发现:工业污染区、焦化厂周围、高速公路地区和老旧城区土壤中PAHs含量高于其他地区[25]-[27]。在区域尺度上,沈阳工业区土壤PAHs均值达2988 ng·g1,远超《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 36600-2018)中建设用地筛选值(1500 ng·g1),而青藏地区草原土壤PAHs均值仅9.21 ng·g1,处于背景值水平。农村农业土壤PAHs浓度普遍低于城市土壤,如上海农业土壤PAHs均值(193 ng·g1)仅为城市土壤(1970 ng·g1)的9.8%。

整体来看,东、西部沿海及北方工业密集地区PAHs污染情况高于中部和西部地区。从PAHs污染的组成特征来看,土壤中高环占比较高,表明其污染主要来源于高温燃烧过程;此类PAHs具有更强的环境持久性与潜在毒性。

2.2. 大气环境中的PAHs

大气是PAHs迁移和扩散的重要载体,在我国大气中PAHs存在形式主要是气态和颗粒态。已有研究发现,低环PAHs (2~3环)比较易存在于大气的气态部分,高环PAHs (4~6环)大都吸附在PM2.5、PM10等颗粒物上[28]。时间上,我国北方地区采暖期因燃煤采暖活动加剧,大气PAHs浓度显著高于非采暖期,如北方大气PAHs均值达239 ng/m3,是珠江三角洲大气PAHs均值(19.58 ng/m3)的12.2倍。我国北方地区在采暖季节由于燃煤等采暖活动加剧,大部分时间段大气中PAHs的浓度大于非采暖季节的浓度;南方地区主要是受机动车尾气排放和一些工业燃烧的影响[29] [30]。空间上,城区、交通干道和工业区大气PAHs的浓度大于郊地区以及较少人类活动干扰区。长期暴露在高浓度的颗粒相PAHs会使呼吸系统疾病和致癌风险增加,大气PAHs一直是我国城市空气污染的热点问题。

2.3. 水体与沉积物中的PAHs

水体中的PAHs可通过大气沉降、地表径流、污水排放等途径进入河流、湖泊和近海环境。由于PAHs疏水性强,其在水体中的溶解度较低,易被悬浮颗粒物吸附并最终沉积于底泥中,因此沉积物常被视为PAHs的“汇”[31]。我国多条典型河流流域(如长江、黄河、珠江等)的研究结果表明,沉积物中PAHs以中高环组分为主,其污染水平与流域内工业结构、人口密度和城市化程度密切相关[32] [33]。部分湖泊和河口区域沉积物中PAHs含量已达到中度甚至重度污染水平,可能对底栖生物群落结构和水生态系统稳定性产生不利影响。部分湖泊和河口区域PAHs含量已达到中度甚至重度污染水平,可能对底栖生物和水生态系统造成不利影响。

3. PAHs的来源解析

来源解析是理解PAHs污染成因与迁移过程的重要手段。我国土壤中PAHs的主要来源可分为石油源与燃烧源两大类,其中燃烧源贡献居于主导地位。目前常用的来源解析方法主要包括特征比值法、主成分分析(PCA)及正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型等。已有研究普遍表明,煤炭与生物质燃烧、机动车尾气排放以及工业燃烧过程是我国PAHs的主要贡献源。具体而言,在城市地区,交通源贡献呈上升趋势;而在农村及以煤炭为主要能源结构的区域,燃煤与生物质燃烧仍为主导来源。

4. PAHs的风险评价研究

4.1. 毒性当量因子法(TEQ)

毒性当量(TEQ)是一种普遍用于评估有害物质对生态环境潜在危害的生态风险评估方法。通过计算化学物质的相对毒性当量,该方法能够评估一系列污染物的毒性水平[34]。苯并[a]芘(BaP)是国际公认的致癌物,在医学领域通常被用作多环芳烃(PAHs)致癌物的代表[35]。通常以BaP作为参照物,通过将其他PAH单体浓度乘以其相对于BaP的毒性当量因子来计算各PAH单体的毒性当量(TEQ)。随后将所有PAH单体的毒性当量相加,即可得到总毒性当量(TEQ)。其计算公式如下:

TEQ BaP = C i × TEF i

其中,TEFi是单个多环芳烃的毒性当量因子,Ci是单个多环芳烃的含量,TEQ是基于BaP的毒性当量总和。

4.2. 风险熵值法(RQ)

风险商数法(RQ)通常用于评估环境有机物污染的生态风险。参照卡尔夫等人和曹志国等人的研究方法[36] [37],RQ值被划分为两类:可忽略风险浓度(NCs)和最大容许浓度(MPCs),从而判定相应的生态风险等级。具体计算方法如下:

R Q ( NCs ) = C PAHs C QV( NCs )

R Q ( MPCs ) = C PAHs C QV( MPCs )

其中,RQ为风险商数,CPAHs为多环芳烃实测浓度;RQ(NCs)为可忽略浓度商数,CQV(NCs)为可忽略浓度标准值;RQ(MPCs)为最大允许浓度商数,CQV(MPCs)为最大允许浓度标准值。

4.3. 增量终生癌症风险(ILCR)

增量终生癌症风险(ILCR)目前被广泛用作衡量和评估特定致癌物对人体致癌风险的指标。土壤中的多环芳烃可通过误食、呼吸或皮肤接触进入人体,构成致癌风险。不同暴露途径下,不同年龄段人群(成人与儿童)的健康风险值存在显著差异。具体计算方法如下[38]

ILC R Dermal = C S ×( CS F Dermal × BW 70 3 )×SA×ABS×AF×EF×ED BW×AT× 10 6

ILC R Ingestion = C S ×( CS F Ingestion × BW 70 3 )×I R Soil ×EF×ED BW×AT× 10 6

ILC R Inhalation = C S ×( CS F Inhalation × BW 70 3 )×I R Air ×EF×ED BW×AT×PEF

其中,CS表示致癌污染物含量(单位:纳克/克),CSFDermal为皮肤接触系数,CSFIngestion为摄入系数,CSFInhalation为吸入系数,BW代表平均体重,AF指土壤附着系数,SA是暴露皮肤面积,ABS为皮肤吸收系数,IRSoil为土壤摄入率,IRAir为吸入率,EF为暴露频率,ED为暴露持续时间,AT为平均寿命,PEF为颗粒物排放系数(单位:m3千克1)。

人体总致癌风险为各暴露途径ILCR值之和,美国EPA规定,ILCR值 < 106时,致癌风险可忽略;106 ≤ ILCR值 < 104时,存在可接受的致癌风险;ILCR值 ≥ 104时,存在显著的致癌风险。目前我国PAHs人体致癌风险评估多采用美国EPA默认参数,而中国本土人群的暴露参数(如体重、土壤摄入率、暴露频率等)与欧美人群存在显著差异,直接采用EPA参数可能会导致评估结果存在一定偏差。

5. 存在问题与研究展望

近年来,我国PAHs污染特征、来源、风险评价方面的研究取得了很大进展,但仍有很多问题需要进一步完善。首先,由于不同的研究在采样点设定、分析方法、污染物选择上缺乏统一性,许多研究结论难以比对,导致研究体系难以整合;其次,目前的大部分研究比较单一环境介质中PAHs的研究,对PAHs在众多环境介质间的迁移转化尚缺乏系统性认知。目前风险评价方面大部分研究都采用同样的参数进行风险对人体健康影响的估算,并未考虑不同地域的人群之间的不同生活习惯、暴露行为方面存在差异从而进行参数修改。此外,复合污染场所中不同污染物的复合多污染物风险在现有的风险评价里也未能得到充分反映。未来研究应加强各种监测数据的研究,结合高分辨率来源解析模型与不确定性量化方法,系统阐明PAHs的环境形成与积累过程以及风险评价方式。同时,应着力推动科研成果向环境管理及政策制定的有效转化,进而为我国PAHs污染防控与风险管控提供科学依据。

6. 结论

总体而言,多环芳烃在我国不同环境介质中普遍存在,在不同的环境介质与区域之中其污染水平与风险特征都存在不同。我国PAHs主要来源于燃煤、生物质燃烧、机动车尾气及工业排放等燃烧过程。已有研究表明,大部分地区PAHs的生态风险处于低至中等水平,但仍存在部分受高等污染的区域,其对于当地健康风险与致癌风险仍值得持续关注。通过系统开展当地PAHs的污染特征识别、来源解析与风险评估研究,可为我国环境污染物防控与风险管理提供科学支撑。未来应进一步开展多介质、多过程的综合研究,以推动我国PAHs污染从宏观监测向精细化管控的深化发展。

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