人工智能带来的风险挑战与刑法应对研究

Research on the Risks and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence and the Countermeasures of Criminal Law

摘要: 人工智能技术的快速迭代在释放新质生产力的同时，也催生了新型刑事风险，使传统刑法体系面临规则适用与理论重构的双重挑战。本文通过梳理人工智能刑事风险的智能化与隐蔽性、扩散性与放大性等核心特征，确立了基于技术自主性程度、犯罪结构要素与作用机制的多维分类标准，并将具体风险划分为智能技术滥用型、算法异化与失控型、数据安全与隐私侵害型、平台与产业链责任型四类。针对传统刑法在责任主体认定、因果关系判断、归责体系适用等方面的困境，结合司法实践与理论研究，提出刑法谦抑性与前置法动态衔接、刑事责任主体法理重构与“对物保安处分”机制构建、预防性犯罪化探索与企业刑事合规体系建立的刑法应对路径。研究旨在实现技术创新激励与法治底线坚守的平衡，为构建科学、适度、有效的人工智能刑事规制体系提供理论参考与实践指引。

Abstract: The rapid iteration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, while unleashing new-quality productive forces, has also given rise to new types of criminal risks, subjecting the traditional criminal law system to dual challenges of rule application and theoretical reconstruction. This paper combs the core characteristics of AI criminal risks, such as intellectualization and concealment, diffusion and amplification, establishes a multi-dimensional classification standard based on the degree of technological autonomy, criminal structural elements and mechanism of action, and divides the specific risks into four categories: intelligent technology abuse type, algorithm alienation and out-of-control type, data security and privacy infringement type, and platform and industrial chain liability type. In response to the predicaments of traditional criminal law in the identification of criminal liability subjects, judgment of causal relations, and application of imputation systems, combined with judicial practice and theoretical research, this paper puts forward criminal law response paths including the dynamic connection between the modesty of criminal law and pre-existing laws, the theoretical reconstruction of criminal liability subjects and the construction of the “security measure against things” mechanism, and the exploration of preventive criminalization and the establishment of an enterprise criminal compliance system. The research aims to balance the incentive of technological innovation and the adherence to the bottom line of the rule of law, and provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for constructing a scientific, moderate and effective criminal regulation system for artificial intelligence.