量热技术在氚计量中的发展与应用
Development and Application of Calorimetry in Tritium Measurement
DOI: 10.12677/amc.2026.143025, PDF,   
作者: 陈梦竹, 周贝霖, 胡石林*：中国原子能科学研究院核技术综合研究所，北京；咸立伟：北京航天试验技术研究所，北京
关键词: 量热；量热仪器；计量；氚；无损检测；Calorimetry； Calorimetric Instruments； Measurement； Tritium； Nondestructive Testing
摘要: 氚作为一种放射性核素，其准确计量是保障核材料衡算的基础。本文系统综述了量热技术在氚计量中的发展历程、基本原理、仪器类型及工程应用进展。首先回顾了量热法从早期氚半衰期测定到衡算的演变；其次详细阐述了热功率平衡型、等温型和绝热型三类量热仪器的工作原理与技术特性并重点介绍了国内外一些典型的氚的量热仪器，阐明了量热法在核材料保障监督、聚变燃料循环及放射性废物表征中具有不可替代的作用。最后，从降低探测下限、加强智能化控制、缩短测量周期、模块化设计、增强极端环境适应性及原位监测研究六个方面展望了量热技术在氚计量中的未来发展方向。
Abstract: Tritium, as a radioactive nuclide, requires accurate measurement as the foundation for nuclear material accountancy. This review systematically summarizes the development history, fundamental principles, instrument types, and engineering application progress of calorimetry in tritium measurement. First, the evolution of calorimetry from early tritium half-life determination to accountancy is reviewed. Second, the working principles and technical characteristics of three types of calorimeters—heat-balance, isothermal, and adiabatic—are elaborated in detail, and typical tritium calorimeters developed worldwide are highlighted, demonstrating the irreplaceable role of calorimetry in nuclear material safeguards, fusion fuel cycles, and radioactive waste characterization. Finally, future directions for calorimetry in tritium measurement are discussed from six aspects: lowering the detection limit, enhancing intelligent control, shortening the measurement time, modular design, improving extreme environmental adaptability, and in-situ monitoring research.
文章引用：陈梦竹, 咸立伟, 周贝霖, 胡石林. 量热技术在氚计量中的发展与应用[J]. 材料化学前沿, 2026, 14(3): 240-249. https://doi.org/10.12677/amc.2026.143025

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