数字时代下数字劳动与数字剩余价值的生产

Digital Labor and the Production of Digital Surplus Value in the Digital Age

摘要: 数字时代，大数据、人工智能、云计算、算法系统和平台经济深度嵌入社会生产过程，推动劳动方式、生产组织形式和资本增殖机制发生深刻变化。数字劳动并非单一形态，而是由高技能雇佣数字劳动者、低技能平台劳动者以及数据贡献型用户等多类主体共同构成。价值的源泉并非数据、算法和平台本身，而是人的活劳动；数据、算法和平台更多体现为价值生产的条件、价值实现的媒介以及收益占有的技术和组织装置。本文相较于已有研究的推进在于：一是对数字劳动者和数字资本进行类型学划分，二是区分数字商品价值创造与平台收益实现的不同环节，三是将数据占有、算法管理、平台市场支配和流量资本化等机制集中纳入同一分析框架。在此基础上，文章结合中国数字经济发展实践，提出规范数字资本运行、保障新就业形态劳动者权益、完善算法治理和健全数据要素收益分配机制等路径，以推动数字经济服务于公平包容发展和人的全面发展。

Abstract: In the digital age, big data, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, algorithms, and platform economies have become deeply embedded in social production, reshaping labor forms, production organization, and capital valorization. Digital labor is not homogeneous; it includes highly skilled employed digital workers, platform workers, and data-contributing users. Value does not originate from data, algorithms, or platforms themselves, but from living human labor. Data, algorithms, and platforms function as conditions of value production, media of value realization, and technical-organizational means of revenue appropriation. This paper contributes by developing a typology of digital labor and digital capital, distinguishing value creation from platform revenue realization, and integrating data appropriation, algorithmic management, platform dominance, and traffic capitalization into a unified framework. Based on China’s digital economy, it proposes regulating digital capital, protecting workers in new employment forms, improving algorithmic governance, and optimizing the distribution of data-factor returns, so as to promote fair, inclusive, and human-centered digital development.