马克思早期人学思想的现实生成逻辑与理论建构

The Realistic Generative Logic and Theoretical Construction of Marx’s Early Anthropological Thought

摘要: 马克思早期人学思想的成熟，并非纯粹抽象哲学思辨的产物，而是立足现实社会矛盾、依托物质生产实践、批判传统人学弊端逐步生成的科学理论体系。本文以马克思早期经典文本为依托，以现实问题为导向，系统梳理其人学思想从理性范式转向物质现实范式、从抽象人本认知转向社会关系认知的完整生成脉络。以《莱茵报》时期物质利益困境为现实起点，经由《1844年经济学哲学手稿》异化劳动与类本质理论的现实深化，最终在《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》与《德意志意识形态》中完成“现实的个人”科学范畴的理论定型。这一扎根现实、立足实践、依托历史的理论演进过程，彻底颠覆了传统哲学抽象思辨的人学范式，构建起以物质生产、社会关系、历史实践为核心的现实人学体系，为唯物史观创立筑牢主体根基，也为当代审视人的生存困境、破解现代性异化、实现人的全面发展提供了科学理论指引。

Abstract: The maturation of Marx’s early anthropological thought was not the product of purely abstract philosophical speculation, but a scientific theoretical system gradually generated by grounding itself in real social contradictions, relying on material production practices, and critically engaging with the deficiencies of traditional anthropology. Based on Marx’s early classical texts and oriented toward real-world problems, this paper systematically traces the complete generative trajectory of his anthropological thought—from the rational paradigm to the material reality paradigm, and from abstract humanist cognition to social relation cognition. Taking the material interest predicament during the Rheinische Zeitung period as the realistic starting point, through the real deepening of alienated labor and species-essence theory in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, it ultimately completes the theoretical crystallization of the scientific category of “real individuals” in the Theses on Feuerbach and The German Ideology. This theoretical evolutionary process, rooted in reality, grounded in practice, and relying on history, thoroughly subverts the abstract speculative anthropological paradigm of traditional philosophy, constructing a realistic anthropological system centered on material production, social relations, and historical practice. This not only solidifies the subjective foundation for the creation of historical materialism, but also provides scientific theoretical guidance for contemporary examinations of human existential dilemmas, resolutions of modernity’s alienation, and the realization of human comprehensive development.